22 f.; Este artigo aprofunda o debate, no âmbito da ciência da administração pública — sob o enfoque da administração pública comparada —, sobre a evolução e os problemas recentes na gestão da administração pública no Brasil, EUA e União Européia. A análise revela que as reformas administrativas chegaram à maioria dos países do mundo impelidas pelo Consenso de Washington. Distintos estudos constatam que, a new public management (NPM — nova gestão pública) pode ter afetado muitos países, mas o teria feito em alguns de forma mais profunda. Observa-se que, tanto no Brasil quanto nos países selecionados, fortes elementos de continuidade podem ser identificados, depois de mais de 20 anos de reforma, demonstrando que as reformas colaboraram muito pouco em termos de estabilidade ou satisfação. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT; This article deepens the discussion, within the public administration science and from the comparative public administration perspective, about the recent evolution and problems in the management of the public administration in Brazil, USA and the European Union. The analysis reveals that administrative reforms have arrived to most countries impelled by the Washington Consensus. Distinct studies evidence that the New Public Management (NPM) may have affected many countries...

O artigo rev??, com base na bibliografia especializada, as reformas e tentativas de reformas administrativas realizadas no pa??s, desde o Estado Novo, passando pelas tentativas dos governos militares e pelas propostas mais recentes da Nova Rep??blica, e chegando at?? a reforma Bresser Pereira. O balan??o cr??tico ?? bastante negativo, sobretudo, porque as grandes reformas, precisamente pela sua abrang??ncia, nunca foram efetivamente implementadas. O sistema do m??rito no servi??o p??blico federal ?? um bom exemplo. As dificuldades de implementa????o das grandes reformas, advindas principalmente de sua grande complexidade, resultam tamb??m de sua intera????o negativa com o contexto pol??tico mais geral, pela carga ret??rica de que se fazem acompanhar, e pelo fato de subestimarem os aspectos t??cnicos necess??rios ?? sua implementa????o.; El art??culo rev??, bas??ndose en la bibliograf??a especializada, las reformas e intentos de reformas administrativas realizadas en el pa??s; desde el ???Estado Nuevo???, pasando por las tentativas de los gobiernos militares y por las propuestas m??s recientes de la ???Nueva Rep??blica???, llegando hasta la reforma Bresser Pereira. El balance cr??tico es bastante negativo, sobre todo porque las grandes reformas...

O trabalho se prop??e a oferecer uma modesta contribui????o ao estudo da hist??ria das reformas administrativas realizadas no Brasil a partir da primeira metade do s??culo XX. Mais do que apresentar uma cronologia de fatos e um repert??rio de projetos, recupera as narrativas e an??lises dos estudiosos do tema para identificar as diferentes explica????es para os sucessos e insucessos do passado e estabelecer um sistema de categorias que seja ??til ?? compreens??o da din??mica hist??rica. Relatos, narrativas, teoriza????es, interpreta????es e ideologias se confundem. Em qualquer um dos casos, constituem representa????es do mundo administrativo brasileiro, quer dizer, apresentam-se como formas simb??licas de um Estado em transforma????o.; El trabajo intenta ofrecer una modesta contribuci??n para el estudio de la historia de las reformas administrativas realizadas en Brasil, empezando en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Adem??s de presentar la cronolog??a de los hechos y la colecci??n de proyectos, retoma las narrativas y an??lisis de los expertos para identificar las diferentes explicaciones para los ??xitos y fallos del pasado y para establecer un sistema de categor??as ??til a fin de comprender la din??mica hist??rica. Relatos...

Businesses especially small ones often face heavy costs in the process of preparing, filing, and paying taxes in addition to the burden of tax payments. These compliance costs, added to fines, penalties, and the risks of onerous inspections and demands for bribes, often deter business creation and growth in developing and transition countries. A tax compliance cost survey can provide useful information for the design of reforms to reduce compliance costs and risks for small businesses. This note highlights key findings of tax compliance cost surveys conducted in South Africa, the Republic of Yemen, Ukraine, and Peru that measured the burdens on business. These surveys helped fine-tune the design of reforms to lower costs for businesses and improve their competitiveness.

Supporting effective public sector reform is a major challenge that the World Bank and other agencies and stakeholders have been grappling with. It is increasingly recognized that political economy factors play a crucial role. However, beyond this broad proposition, specific questions arise: What country contexts are more/less propitious for public sector reforms and what reforms are likely to succeed where? And can more explicitly taking political economy challenges into account help to pursue public sector reforms even in less propitious contexts? This paper addresses these issues in two ways: first, it draws on the existing literature to identify key propositions about factors that can trigger or facilitate public sector reforms, and those that tend to work against (successful) reforms. Second, it investigates the experience of World Bank public sector operations over the decade 2000-2010. It finds that governments in many developing countries face incentives to initiate public sector reforms, but that at the implementation stage...

This report evaluates the framework of decentralization reforms instituted in decentralizing countries. Decentralization is a multi-faceted process which includes giving discretion to local governments and establishing accountability mechanisms at three different levels of governance: political, administrative and fiscal. Therefore, the analysis of the decentralization reforms should also be based on an inter-disciplinary approach. The report applies this framework to ten countries and two sectors and uses the case studies as the primary data collection tool. These case studies provide detailed contextual analysis of the political, administrative and fiscal aspects of decentralization. The countries identified for the case studies are Angola, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Kerala/India, Philippines, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Rwanda and Punjab/Pakistan. The sectors identified are health and education. The review of these case studies suggests that most of the local governments do not fare well on many assessment criteria of well-designed decentralization. In addition to the insubstantial discretion available to the local governments...

The Chinese economy has experienced an unprecedented 30-year period of economic growth and development that has delivered enormous social and economic benefits to the people but has had seriously adverse and continuing effects on the state of the environment. The government is well aware of the problem. Over the last five to ten years, environmental objectives have become increasingly important in priorities set under successive national five-year plans. To address these problems, the government has provided increasingly large infusions of capital and implemented a series of administrative reforms. Notwithstanding all these actions, the state of the national environment continues to deteriorate, and further action is clearly needed. This policy note focuses particularly on continuing issues related to the operations of the Ministry for Environmental Protection (MEP), including the legal framework under which it operates and its operational relationships with other agencies at the national level and with its counterparts at lower levels of government. This focus is justified given that MEP's effectiveness is critical to the effectiveness of the government's overall environmental objectives. Without an effective MEP...

The study overviews the most relevant, current intergovernmental fiscal issues in the Czech Republic, centered on the options available to prod policy planning. Fragmentation at the lowest tier of government is the most striking feature of the administrative structure. This suggests a strategic direction for further administrative reforms to sustain fiscal decentralization, which includes empowering territorial self-governing units; establishing a multilevel government coordinating body to define autonomous functions on expenditures, and revenues; and by creating financial and legal incentives to facilitate an asymmetric assignment of revenue and expenditure. Specific policy actions should include institutional inter-governmental cooperation and dialogue through a broad based commission to recommend regional expenditures, and the Budget Rules Law should be amended to preempt unfounded mandates to local governments. Revenue autonomy should be boosted by increasing predictability of local budgets, restoring tax-effort incentives...

This Report discusses the challenge of budget financing of core structural reforms, within a broader framework of fiscal management reforms in Russia. It argues that explicit financing of structural reforms is fully justifiable because these are the investments in the institutional infrastructure with a high rate of return. Furthermore, Russia currently appears to have fiscal room for some incremental spending. However, the number of simultaneous reform initiatives, should be kept limited to ensure that the accumulation of new liabilities do not undermine fiscal sustainability. In addition, the Government's commitment to explicit reform financing should be accompanied by additional steps in strengthening the fiscal management system. The adoption of formal fiscal rules could strengthen the government's ability to manage external shocks, as well as provide budget support for the reform process in a predictable and affordable way. The Report develops estimates for fiscal costs of three key structural reforms (in civil service, housing, and the pension system), reviews the feasibility of different reform options, and provides recommendations related to their planning and sequencing. Key structural reforms are seen as medium-term projects/programs...

The study presents an overview of the most relevant, current intergovernmental fiscal issues in the Czech Republic, centered on the options available to prod policy planning. The fragmentation at the lowest tier of government is the most striking feature of the administrative structure, thus suggesting a strategic direction for further administrative reforms to sustain fiscal decentralization, by empowering territorial self-governing units, through meaningful autonomy, through the establishment of a multilevel government coordinating body, for the definition of autonomous functions on expenditures, and revenues, and, by creating financial, and legal incentives, to facilitate an asymmetric assignment of revenue, and expenditure. Specific policy actions to clarify responsibilities of the strategic direction for expenditure assignments should include institutional inter-governmental cooperation, and dialogue, through a broad based commission to recommend regional expenditures, and, the Budget Rules Law should be amended to preempt unfounded mandates to local governments. Revenue autonomy should be boosted by increasing predictability of local budgets...

Recent international experience has shown that excessively complex administrative procedures, required to establish, and operate a business, discourage inflows of foreign direct investment. The authors present a new database on the administrative costs faced by private investors in 32 developing countries. The database is much more comprehensive than the existing sources, as it contains not only information on general entry procedures, such as business and tax registration, but also captures regulation on land access, site development, import procedures, and inspections, The data include measures on the number of procedures, direct monetary costs, and time. The cost of administrative procedures vary significantly across countries. The most important barriers appear to be the delays associated with securing land access, and obtaining building permits, which in several countries, take more than two years. Countries that impose excessive administrative costs on entry, tend to be equally intrusive in firm operations...

The Philippine economic update provides an update on key economic and social developments, and policies over the past 6 to 12 months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank studies on the Philippines. The Philippine economy expanded by 6.6 percent in 2012, exceeding most expectations, including the government's own target of 5 to 6 percent. The pace and efficiency of national government spending improved remarkably in 2012. Higher government spending was matched by a significant increase in revenue collection, with a strong contribution from improved tax administration. Total tax revenues grew by 13.2 percent and tax effort increased from 12.3 to 12.9 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-the highest increase in decades attributable to improved tax administration. The medium-term growth prospects for the Philippines are good. GDP growth is projected at 6.2 percent in 2013, driven by domestic demand. There is no silver bullet for creating more and better jobs, as it is linked to resolving deep-seated, structural issues in the economy. Only a comprehensive reform agenda implemented across sectors can foster a business environment conducive to private sector job creation by firms of all sizes. A unique window of opportunity exists today to accelerate reforms that will help create more and better jobs.

Intergovernmental reforms in the Russian Federation: one step forward, two steps back? Is a critical analysis of Russia's intergovernmental reform program which began in the early 1990s. It assesses the effects of a broad range of reforms adopted over two tumultuous decades during which the Russian Federation experienced significant, and at times drastic, political regime changes, coupled with a similarly turbulent economic growth trajectory. This environment reshaped intergovernmental relations, requiring certain fiscal responsibilities to be delegated to the sub-national levels. These reforms, however, were not always accompanied by the kinds of administrative and political structures required to support a truly devolved system of intergovernmental fiscal relations. As this study indicates, in recent years there has been a tendency to recentralize some powers that had been granted to sub-national governments under earlier reforms, a trend that may call into question the future of fiscal decentralization in the federation. Moreover...

Doing Business 2007: How to reform is the fourth in a series of annual reports investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 175 economies-from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe-and over time. This publication points out how regulations affecting 10 areas of everyday business are measured: starting a business, dealing with licenses, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and closing a business. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. The study stresses that there are 4 steps to successful reform: 1) Start simple and consider administrative reforms that don't need legislative changes; 2) Cut unnecessary procedures, reducing the number of bureaucrats entrepreneurs interact with; 3) Introduce standard application forms and publish as much regulatory information as possible; 4) And remember: many of the frustrations for businesses come from how regulations are administered. The internet alleviates these frustrations without changing the spirit of the regulation.

Despite fiscal and administrative reforms pursued by the Government of Madagascar since the mid 1980s, to prod economic and financial liberalization, contributing to steady GDP growth rates, manufacturing production however, still represents a relatively small share of value added. And, the development of import-substituting (IS) firms has been considerably slower, showing stagnating signs as these firms are unprepared for competition from imports unleashed by recent liberalization. The note looks at the present market structure which has created distortions, identifying several incentives by the Government, to firms located in the Export Processing Zones (EPZs), including a grace period on corporate taxes for the first 2-15 years of operations, exemption from customs duties and taxes on imported equipment; taxation of dividends at only 10 percent, and, 99-year leases for investment in land. The note further looks at the Common Law sector, i.e., those firms operating outside of EPZs, namely the IS firms...

Ce mémoire revient sur la première tutelle de la Ville de Montréal, imposée par le gouvernement provincial de 1918 à 1921. Pour l’occasion, le Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec nomme cinq administrateurs afin de gérer les affaires courantes de la municipalité. Peu connu des historiens et du public, cet événement suscite des changements profonds dans les structures politiques et administratives de la Ville qui laissent des empreintes dans la vie quotidienne actuelle des Montréalais. Puisqu’ils ne sont pas redevables devant la population, les commissaires mettent en œuvre plusieurs réformes souvent impopulaires qui permettent de rétablir l’équilibre budgétaire de la Ville. Au passage, ils tentent de moderniser l’administration municipale dont le fonctionnement est jusque-là incompatible avec les réalités d’une population grandissante et d’un espace urbain accru par les nombreuses annexions. Notre étude souligne les réformes implantées par la Commission administrative au niveau de la fiscalité, de l’organisation des services municipaux et des politiques d'urbanisme. Elles s’inspirent de réformes mises en œuvre dans plusieurs villes nord-américaines de grande taille. Durant leur mandat, les nouveaux administrateurs cherchent à imposer un modèle d’administration s’inspirant de grandes entreprises privées et réussissent à réduire de manière substantielle le déficit de la Ville. Enfin...

Teniendo en cuenta los importantes aportes efectuados desde los estudios académicos a los procesos de reforma administrativa, la importancia de las reformas administrativas en un mundo cada vez más globalizado y la necesidad de profundizar en las reformas administrativas de las entidades territoriales, este trabajo de investigación tiene por objeto analizar el marco conceptual, normativo y jurisprudencial de las reformas administrativas, estudiando con detalle sus limitaciones y su control, particularmente para el caso de las entidades territoriales en Colombia. De este modo, con ocasión de esta investigación se busca identificar de forma clara el panorama sobre aquellos aspectos en los que las entidades territoriales tienen un mayor o menor grado de autonomía para llevar a cabo sus procesos de reforma administrativa, de tal forma que sea posible identificar algunos riesgos relevantes asociados a dicho panorama. Así, como importantes logros u objetivos de esta investigación se destacan los siguientes: (i) identificar y analizar las principales aproximaciones doctrinales realizadas a nivel mundial sobre las reformas administrativas, (ii) describir aquellos aspectos en los que las entidades territoriales tienen mayor o menor autonomía para adelantar sus procesos de reforma administrativa...

This theoretical essay seeks to contextualize the scenario of Administrative reforms, raising questions and reflecting on the topic, without pretending to exhaust its specifics and trends. As such, bibliographical survey was made on the basis of Brazilian cultural action system, its subsystems, outstanding features and the way they appear and influence the day-by-day. It is considered that the reform models must recognize the reality of the country where they will be adopted, evaluating its cultural elements and thus recognizing possible limitations of the model. When these limitations are recognized, new proposals are presented as alternatives capable of improving the functioning of the State. Considering the global and national historical context, this article aims also to present the current models and trends, in particular the currents of New Public Management on the one hand and, on the other hand, the New Public Service, which is based on citizen participation as a co-manager. It is therefore important to think about the contributions of each reform movement and also the philosophy of the New Public Service, according to which civil society is an agent in the process of co-management of the public service, understanding that...

O presente artigo apresenta uma descrição cronológica e uma análise crítica das reformas realizadas no Sistema de Saúde Britânico (NHS) a partir da década de 1990. Aborda as bases político-administrativas dessas reformas, as formas de financiamento delas resultantes e as repercussões no processo de atenção à saúde. O aprofundamento político organizacional desse processo de reforma do NHS permite a identificação de analogias com o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Estratégias inovadoras como: a) a busca de maior autonomia e de aumento da eficiência como a criação dos Grupos de Atenção Primaria; b) as fundações dos hospitais públicos britânicos: c) a distribuição dos gastos públicos em saúde: d) as inovações introduzidas na reforma da reforma em 1997, foram analisadas comparativamente com o SUS. Apesar do distinto contexto histórico de construção desses dois sistemas universalistas é possível identificar experiências e lições que poderão ser úteis ao processo de aprimoramento dos princípios de Universalidade, Integralidade e Eqüidade, proposto pelo SUS.; This paper describes and analyzes critically the United Kingdom's National Health System (NHS) reforms that have been implemented since the 1990s. The analysis is based on the political and administrative reforms...

The study of whether and how learning from abroad matters for policy changes is a fundamental but hugely contested subject at the heart of contemporary policy transfer, policy diffusion, and cognate literatures. Cross-national learning is said to be one of the key mechanisms by which ideas, policies, and administrative reforms travel across jurisdictions. However, it is also said to be fraught with several difficulties, and thus to hardly exert any significant influence on policymaking. This thesis addresses this puzzle through various means. It asks a set of research questions and proposes an analytical framework to explore the relationship between cross-national learning and policy change. It then traces the making of Management for Results policies in Chile and Mexico, comparing policy developments in both countries across two decades (1990-2010). The thesis challenges conventional scholarly accounts on this subject. It shows that cross-national learning might bring about significant policy changes. However, this does not necessarily occur through the transfer or diffusion of policies or models intact. It happens through policymakers’ use of knowledge from policies abroad in many ways and at various stages of the policymaking process. Moreover...