The antioxidant properties of almond green husks (Cvs. Duro Italiano, Ferraduel, Ferranhês, Ferrastar and Orelha de Mula), chestnut skins and chestnut leaves (Cvs. Aveleira, Boa Ventura, Judia and Longal) were evaluated through several chemical and biochemical assays in order to provide a novel strategy to stimulate the application of waste products as new suppliers of useful bioactive compounds, namely antioxidants. All the assayed by-products revealed good antioxidant properties, with very low EC50 values (lower than 380 μg/mL), particularly for lipid peroxidation inhibition (lower than 140 μg/mL). The total phenols and flavonoids contents were also determined. The correlation between these bioactive compounds and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in pig brain tissue through formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, was also obtained. Although, all the assayed by-products proved to have a high potential of application in new antioxidants formulations, chestnut skins and leaves demonstrated better results.

This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of two levels (2.5 e 5.0%) of dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its by-products, disrupted yeast cells and yeast cell wall in diets for juveniles of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Production performance, body and plasmatic composition indexes were evaluated. Seven isoproteic (26% digestible protein) and isoenergetic (3.100 kcal digestible energy) diets were formulated containing increased levels of each ingredient. The diets were supplied for 86 days, "ad libitum". Yeast and by-products increase feed efficiency and protein use, when compared to the control diet. Carcass composition and plasmatic (glucose, cortisol, uric acid, urea and plasmatic protein) levels are not affected by the test ingredient supplementation.; Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de dois níveis (2,5 e 5,0%) de levedura íntegra desidratada (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) e seus derivados, autolisado e parede celular, em dietas para juvenis de pacu (11,98 g e 8,5 cm). Foram avaliados o desempenho produtivo, a composição corporal e os parâmetros plasmáticos de juvenis de pacu. Utilizaram-se sete dietas isoproteicas (26% de proteína digestível por kg de ração) e isoenergéticas (3.100 kcal de energia digestível por kg de ração)...

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de dois níveis (2,5 e 5%) de levedura íntegra desidratada (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) e seus derivados, parede celular de levedura (MOS) e autolisado de levedura, em dietas para juvenis de pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), sobre os parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, composição corporal, índices hepatossomático e víscerossomático e digestibilidade aparente dos ingredientes-teste. Foram utilizados 336 juvenis de pintado, já treinados a comer ração seca, com peso médio aproximado de 17 g distribuídos em um Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 + 1 correspondente aos três ingredientes-teste utilizados em duas diferentes porcentagens de fornecimento e tratamento testemunha (sem levedura ou derivados), utilizando-se "hapas" com capacidade para 60 litros, com 12 peixes por unidade. Foram formuladas 7 dietas isoprotéicas (45% PB) e isoenergéticas (4200 kcal EB/kg), contendo levedura íntegra desidratada, levedura autolisada e parede celular de levedura (2,5% e 5,0%). As dietas foram fornecidas durante 64 dias, 2 vezes ao dia e ad libitum. Parâmetros físico-químicos da água como oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura e pH foram monitorados diariamente. Os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados foram taxa de crescimento específico...

O uso de sub-produtos oriundos do processo de produção de álcool etílico na alimentação animal, pode ser uma excelente alternativa no aumento da eficiência alimentar das rações, reduzindo o custo do cultivo na aqüicultura. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de dois níveis (2,5 e 5,0%) de levedura íntegra desidratada - LI (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) e seus derivados, autolisado – LA e parede celular - PC, em dietas para juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Foram avaliados parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, composição corporal e plasmática, índices hepato e víscero somáticos, e determinados os coeficientes dos disgestibilidade dos ingredientes-teste por meio das técnicas "in vivo" e "in vitro". No teste de desempenho utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 +1, correspondente a três ingredientes-teste, dois níveis e mais uma dieta controle - C (sem levedura ou derivados), empregando-se 5 repetições com peixes cada, totalizando 350 juvenis de pacu (12,0 g e 8,5 cm). Foram formuladas 7 dietas isoprotéicas (26% PD kg-1 de ração ) e isoenergéticas (3.100 kcal ED kg-1 ração), contendo os níveis crescentes de cada ingrediente (LI2,5; LI5...

A presença de resíduos de fármacos em águas superficiais e de abastecimento público tem preocupado a comunidade científica devido principalmente à sua persistência na água e aos efeitos adversos causados à comunidade aquática e aos possíveis riscos à saúde humana. Dentre os fármacos comumente identificados em águas de abastecimento público, encontram-se os anti-inflamatórios, como o diclofenaco (DCF), um dos fármacos mais consumidos no Brasil e no mundo. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho, teve como objetivo principal estudar a eficiência das etapas de tratamento de água em ciclo completo (coagulação, floculação, sedimentação, filtração em areia e desinfecção com cloro) com e sem pré-oxidação com cloro e com dióxido de cloro e adsorção em carvão ativado granular (CAG) na remoção de DCF. Também foram determinados os trialometanos (THM) e identificados os principais subprodutos do DCF formados na oxidação com cloro e dióxido de cloro. Para a determinação do DCF nas amostras de água antes e após as etapas de tratamento de água foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos analíticos de extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatográfico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detecção no ultravioleta (UV). A validação do método foi feita de acordo com a resolução nº 899 de 2003 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA)...

O objetivo desse experimento foi avaliar a inclusão (7 e 15% com base em MS), de 2 co-produtos, derivados da indústria de ácido cítrico: Micélio (77% de FDN e 0,5% de lignina com base em MS) e Raffinate (25,5% de açúcares solúveis e 32% de fibra solúvel com base em MS) em dietas com alto teores de milho do tipo Flint para 200 tourinhos Nelore em terminação (peso inicial = 396,4 ± 37,7kg). Os animais foram blocados com base no peso inicial e foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 25 baias. A dieta controle conteve 11,73% de bagaço de cana de açúcar, 67,2% de milho moído, 18% de farelo proteinoso de milho, 2,07% de suplemento mineral e 1% de ureia. Os outros 4 tratamentos foram: Micélio 7, Micélio 15, Raffinate 7 e Raffinate 15. Os co-produtos substituíram parcialmente o milho nas dietas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), ganho médio diário (GMD), eficiência alimentar (GMD/IMS) e características de carcaça. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do SAS e as médias foram comparadas por contrastes, considerando blocos como efeito aleatório e tratamento como efeito fixo. A inclusão de 7 e 15% de Micélio na dieta (base seca) em substituição parcial ao milho "flint" moído aumentou (P=0...

Bagaço (cascas e sementes) e borra (sedimentos sólidos) são os mais abundantes subprodutos do processo de vinificação, pois o primeiro representa aproximadamente 5% do total de uva processada e, o segundo, 4% do volume total de vinho produzido. Alguns estudos demonstraram que os resíduos vinícolas contêm importantes compostos fenólicos, potentes antioxidantes, que não foram totalmente transferidos ao vinho durante o processo de vinificação, assim despertando interesse econômico e funcional. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os compostos fenólicos de resíduos vinícolas, e correlacionar os seus teores com a capacidade antioxidante. Foi determinado o teor de compostos fenólicos das uvas in natura, do bagaço (casca e semente) e borras, obtidas em duas safras (2011 e 2012), das variedades BRS Violeta, BRS Lorena, Cabernet sauvignon e Cabernet franc, por SPE e HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS. Também foi avaliado o efeito de três técnicas de secagem aplicadas aos subprodutos da vinificação (bagaço e borra): secagem em estufa a 50 °C (D50), secagem por spray-drying (SP), e secagem por liofilização (FD), assim como a estabilidade dos subprodutos secos D50 e SP, submetidos a 25 °C durante 0, 30 e 90 dias. A capacidade antioxidante foi avaliada por ORAC...

The present work reports on the characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) extracted from three different food by-products, i.e., wheat straw (WSCNW), Brewers spent grains (BGCNW) and olive pomace (OPCNW), by using an optimized hydrolysis method similar to that developed to extract bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers (BCNW). WSCNW and BGCNW were seen to present optimal properties, with aspect ratio, crystallinity and thermal stability values comparable to those of BCNW. Additionally, the optimized hydrolysis treatment led to extraction yields higher than those previously reported for food by-products. The CNW were subsequently incorporated into a commercial polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate polymer (PHBV) by solution casting, and the produced nanocomposites were characterized. Although the addition of BGCNW and WSCNW was advantageous in terms of mechanical performance in comparison with OPCNW, no significant enhancement of the pure PHBV mechanical properties was reported because of the low nanofiller loadings used and the inherent difficulty of achieving a high degree of dispersion by the casting method. Interestingly, BGCNW and WSCNW presented reduced moisture sensitivity as compared with BCNW, leading to greater barrier performance and resulting in oxygen permeability reductions up to 26 % with WSCNW and 44 % with BGCNW.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil; A desinfeção da água para consumo humano reduz o risco de infeções por agentes patogénicos mas pode representar uma ameaça à saúde devido aos compostos químicos introduzidos ou formados, nomeadamente os subprodutos da desinfeção (SPD), quando os seus percursores orgânicos e inorgânicos estão presentes na água. Os objetivos fundamentais desta dissertação foram o estudo da ocorrência de trihalometanos (THM), risco de cancro e de efeitos não carcinogénicos ao longo da vida pelas múltiplas vias de exposição (ingestão, inalação e absorção dérmica) nos 14 municípios que constituem o distrito de Braga. Foram consideradas apenas as concentrações de THM máximas anuais de modo a evidenciar o cenário mais gravoso. O risco de cancro assim como o risco de efeitos não carcinogénicos ao longo da vida foram estimados com base no método estipulado pela United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) e Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) contemplando parâmetros de entrada adaptados à população Portuguesa. O THM mais abundante foi o bromofórmio seguido de perto pelo clorofórmio. O dibromoclorometano ocorreu em menor concentração que o diclorobromometano na maioria dos municípios estudados. Entre as 3 vias de exposição analisadas...

Biogenic amines in high concentration can affect the quality of foods and cause several diseases since they are present in products like seafood, wines, and other fermented products. Shrimp by-products are a rich source of protein hydrolysate that can be used as dietary supplements. Samples (from shrimp by-products) of dry protein powder, liquid protein hydrolysate and flour of shrimp head were analyzed to evaluate the histamine and tyramine contents. Amines were extracted with trichloroacetic acid 5% and derivatized with o-phthaldialdehyde. The chromatographic separation was performed in an analytical column, Chrom SEP SS C18 5 µm (4.6 mm × 150 mm) and a fluorescence detector was used with wavelengths at λex = 335 nm and λem = 440 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of tetrahydrofuran, methanol and phosphate buffer at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1 using elution gradient. Under these conditions, the repeatability (relative standard deviation, RSD < 6.55%), reproducibility (< 5.60%) and accuracy were of satisfying quality. The recovery values were 84.51, 90.75, 95.37, 98.68 and 84.29% for L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, L-lysine, tyramine and histamine, respectively. This method has been successfully applied for the quantification of precursor amino acids and biogenic amines in different matrices.

This paper provides a comparative study of different photochemical oxidation processes and a detailed characterization of the by-products of diesel oil degradation performed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). Diesel degradation was conducted in a photolytic reactor using UV, H2O2, UV/H2O2, O3 or O3/UV. The best conditions for each process were obtained applying multivariate analysis and the experimental results indicated that the O3/UV process was the most feasible for the treatment of wastewater containing diesel fuel, with a degradation percentage of > 90%. Almost complete degradation of the aromatics was achieved. Phenolic compounds were identified as by-products of the diesel samples treated with the UV, H2O2, O3 and O3/UV processes. Besides the phenolic compounds, other by-products identified included carboxylic acids and ethers in the UV/peroxide treatment, ethers in the UV irradiation treatment and ketones in the ozone treatment.

Application of the headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) technique as an analytical tool to monitoring the degradation of phenolic compounds and the formation of by-products in produced water by UV photolysis and UV/peroxide is proposed. All of the experimental conditions for the degradation tests were carried out according to the response of the surface modeling methods developed. The direct photolysis and the UV/H2O2 processes were capable to degrade more than 99% of the initial concentrations of total phenolic components of produced water. The main by-product found was 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone (DBQ). The presence of DBQ and other hydroxy compounds, constituting the major fraction of by-products identified, demonstrates that the degradations are initiated by the oxidation of the aromatic phenolic ring generating quinones, diphenols, benzoic acids and phenones.

This study aims to review epidemiologic evidence of the association between exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) and congenital anomalies. All epidemiologic studies that evaluated a relationship between an index of DBP exposure and risk of congenital anomalies were analyzed. For all congenital anomalies combined, the meta-analysis gave a statistically significant excess risk for high versus low exposure to water chlorination or TTHM (17%; 95% CI, 3-34) based on a small number of studies. The meta-analysis also suggested a statistically significant excess risk for ventricular septal defects (58%; 95% CI, 21-107), but based on only three studies, and there was little evidence of an exposure-response relationship. It was observed no statistically significant relationships in the other meta-analyses and little evidence for publication bias, except for urinary tract defects and cleft lip and palate. Although some individual studies have suggested an association between chlorination disinfection by-products and congenital anomalies, meta-analyses of all currently available studies demonstrate little evidence of such association.

This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of two levels (2.5 e 5.0%) of dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its by-products, disrupted yeast cells and yeast cell wall in diets for juveniles of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Production performance, body and plasmatic composition indexes were evaluated. Seven isoproteic (26% digestible protein) and isoenergetic (3.100 kcal digestible energy) diets were formulated containing increased levels of each ingredient. The diets were supplied for 86 days, "ad libitum". Yeast and by-products increase feed efficiency and protein use, when compared to the control diet. Carcass composition and plasmatic (glucose, cortisol, uric acid, urea and plasmatic protein) levels are not affected by the test ingredient supplementation.

This paper analyzes and compares the structure of cotton by-products industries in selected countries (Uganda, Tanzania, Benin, and Burkina Faso) in the context of the global vegetable oil market. It reaches several conclusions. First, because the markets for various edible oils are highly integrated with each other, examination of each oil market should be done in conjunction with all other (relevant) edible oil markets. Second, the recent surge in demand for commodities used as feedstocks for biofuels is unlikely to become a new source of growth for the cotton oil market. Third, within the context of deepening the on-going reform efforts in West and Central African countries, cotton by-products should be taken into consideration, both in terms of the cotton price setting mechanism and the size of the organization of the cotton by-products industry. Fourth, trade policies including export bans or import tariffs to protect the domestic crushing industries, and policies that favor crude over refined oils...

The genus Opuntia embraces different species of cactus, and many of them produce acid fruits known as xoconostle, which are considered valuable vegetable foods in Latin America. Xoconostle fruit contains an edible thick-acid-freshly mesocarp, and seeds that are considered as by-products. Given the high potential of its use and consumption, and the lack of information about its detailed chemical composition and bioactive compounds, the aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and antioxidant properties of pulp and seeds of two highly consumed commercial cultivars of xoconostle fruits (Opuntia joconostle F.A.C. Weber ex Diguet, cv. Cuaresmeño, and Opuntia matudae Scheinvar, cv. Rosa). This investigation shows that the pulp of the studied xoconostle cultivars had an appreciable amount of soluble fiber and antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid, while the seeds are a source of fiber, phenolics, flavonoids, PUFAs and tocopherols (specially γ-tocopherol), which provide a good antioxidant capacity. In the light of these results, xoconostle fruits should be considered of great interest for either promoting the conventional consumption, and also as sources of bioactive compounds for the addition to other food products, so that all the nutrients present are fully used...

There is a lack of information on the potential use of xoconostle cultivars as sources of antioxidants for food, pharmaceutical and colorant industries. The aim of this study was to provide a phytochemical characterisation and antioxidant activity evaluation of Opuntia matudae Scheinvar cv. Rosa by-products (epicarp and endocarp mucilage's), in order to evaluate their interest as sources of functional ingredients for human or animal foods. These by-products showed a high content in glucose, citric and linoleic acids, tocopherols, and isorhamnetin-O-(di-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside) (mainly in epicarp), and presented relevant antioxidant properties. The obtained results support the use of O. matudae Scheinvar cv. Rosa agro-industrial by-products as functional food ingredients, namely for antioxidant-enriched formulations, instead of being discarded.; The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal) for financial support to CIMO (strategic project Pest-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011) and to L. Barros (researcher contract under “Programa Compromisso com Ciência-2008”). The authors also acknowledge the support of Mexican association CoMenTuna for providing the plant materials.

Colombian industrial coal by-products were evaluated as raw materials in laboratory-scale synthesis of faujasite-type low-SiO2 zeolite of using an alkaline fusion step followed by hydrothermal treatment under various experimental conditions. By fusion with NaOH followed by hydrothermal reaction, coal by-products were converted into faujasite-type zeolite. The process of faujasite formation is discussed.

The recovery of high added-value products from waste plant material has been an important issue with economic relevance for the pharmaceutical and food industries. The recovery of antioxidants from wine industry by-products is of great importance in the nutraceutical field. The aim of this study was to identify the main flavonol glycosides, present in winemaking by-products from two white grape varieties: ‘Arinto’ and ‘Moscatel’ using liquid chromatography with diode array and electrochemical detection. Liquid chromatography with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, in negative and positive modes, were also used to characterize the structures of the compounds detected by means of MS²and MS ³. In the by-products analysed quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-3-glucuronide were identified as well as kaempferol-3-glucoside. By-products from ‘Arinto’ variety showed higher levels of quercetin glycosides and kaempferol-3-glucoside than the by-products of ‘Moscatel variety’.

This study aims to review epidemiologic evidence of the association between exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) and congenital anomalies. All epidemiologic studies that evaluated a relationship between an index of DBP exposure and risk of congenital anomalies were analyzed. For all congenital anomalies combined, the meta-analysis gave a statistically significant excess risk for high versus low exposure to water chlorination or TTHM (17%; 95% CI, 3-34) based on a small number of studies. The meta-analysis also suggested a statistically significant excess risk for ventricular septal defects (58%; 95% CI, 21-107), but based on only three studies, and there was little evidence of an exposure-response relationship. It was observed no statistically significant relationships in the other meta-analyses and little evidence for publication bias, except for urinary tract defects and cleft lip and palate. Although some individual studies have suggested an association between chlorination disinfection by-products and congenital anomalies, meta-analyses of all currently available studies demonstrate little evidence of such association.