Este trabalho revê e sintetiza os conceitos para definição de competitividade. Identifica os modelos usados para avaliação da competitividade de empresas e países, como também as fontes de competitividade associadas a cada modelo. Traça-se a evolução do conceito de competitividade, incorporando os avanços do conhecimento de diferentes campos do conhecimento e, mais especificamente, áreas da administração ao longo do tempo, que integrados, contribuem para desenvolvimento de abordagens iterdisciplinares mais completas e coerentes para avaliação da competitividade. Um vasto número de variáveis, estruturais, organizacionais e gerenciais vem sendo usado para explicar e avaliar a competitividade das empresas. Dentre essas variáveis, encontram-se os aspectos financeiros das empresas. Observa-se que há uma necessidade de se desenvolver modelos e teorias que combinem as diferentes abordagens de forma que se obtenha uma posição mais completa, e prática, da competitividade das empresas. Este trabalho não ignora, portanto, a necessidade de uma abordagem iterdisciplinar para avaliação de competitividade. Mas concentra-se no estudo de aspectos financeiros e sua inter-relação com outros aspectos da competitividade empresarial e dos países. Busca-se aqui compreender e avaliar a contribuição da teoria de finanças para abordagens mais completas sobre o tema competitividade. O trabalho propõe uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de competitividade financeira de empresas. Essa contribuição preliminar busca uma definição para a competitividade financeira e a identificação de fatores externos (país) e internos a empresa que contribuem para sua competitividade...

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras de manga e de uva no mercado internacional no período de 1989 a 2005. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo de Constant Market Share (CMS) e o modelo de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (VCR) para evidenciar os principais fatores responsáveis pela rápida expansão das exportações nacionais para esses dois produtos, além de realizar uma análise comparativa entre as duas culturas selecionadas. O primeiro modelo busca analisar as causas de variação da quantidade (ou valor) exportada de um produto pelo país em questão em relação ao tempo, gerando três dimensões explicativas para a variação das exportações: o efeito dimensão, o efeito distribuição e o efeito competitividade. O efeito dimensão mostra como o crescimento das exportações mundiais afetou o crescimento das exportações do país analisado. O efeito distribuição refere-se às exportações para países de maior ou menor dinamismo. Por resíduo, descontando-se os demais efeitos temos o termo competitividade.Para a geração dos resultados foi necessária a sub-divisão do período de análise em três grupos trienais: 1989/1990/1991, 1994/1995/1996 e 2003/2004/2005.O modelo de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada parte do pressuposto de que o país em questão tende a se especializar nas exportações de produtos que ofereçam vantagens competitivas. Para tanto...

Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma proposta de modelo para análise dos fatores que indicam o posicionamento competitivo de uma organização e que impactam a competitividade das organizações. Para efeito dessa tese, esses fatores são denominados críticos de competitividade e trabalhados por meio dos processos de desenvolvimento do conhecimento, da condução do processo de inovação e da sustentabilidade, visando à competitividade das organizações. Assim, será proposto um modo de agregar valor às diversas organizações, para que estas possam encontrar um denominador comum do ponto de vista da sustentabilidade tecnológica, inicialmente local e depois global. Trata-se de um trabalho que contempla as diversas etapas do processo de desenvolvimento do conhecimento, da inovação tecnológica e da sustentabilidade para a competitividade, sendo de importância capital a integração de todos os fatores críticos de competitividade. Por um lado, mostra como os vários canais se articulam como um todo sólido, capaz de alavancar a organização para um crescimento e desenvolvimento de negócios auto-sustentáveis. O modelo foi desenvolvido e depois confrontado com o mercado, por meio de uma pesquisa survey, tendo como referência o cenário interno às organizações. O modelo se propõe a articular uma correlação entre os fatores críticos de competitividade e a competitividade...

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil; Em Portugal, na sequência da crise financeira internacional, o setor da construção foi dos mais afetados, de modo que, tanto o valor produzido como o peso do mesmo na economia nacional têm decrescido. O ano de 2013 foi o décimo segundo ano consecutivo de redução de atividade das empresas do setor da construção. Esta queda de procura do mercado interno, levou empresas a captarem negócios num mercado externo e a adotarem estratégias de sobrevivência da sua atividade. Perante este cenário, surgiu a necessidade cada vez maior de uma empresa de construção nacional se mostrar competitiva, vencer a concorrência e conseguir negócios quer seja para crescer ou manter a sua atividade. Para se estudar o que torna uma empresa de construção competitiva surgiu o tema “Competitividade da Construção”. Tal tema, desenvolveu-se segundo o estudo e divulgação de fatores que determinam a competitividade das empresas de construção em Portugal, e tornouse o objetivo principal desta dissertação. Para isso, foram identificados e analisados os fatores de competitividade da construção, seguido da sugestão de boas práticas e anunciação de exemplos que visaram tanto comprovar a influência dos fatores enunciados como também apresentar estratégias e ações para o aumento de competitividade das empresas. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e execução de estudos de caso...

Being available as a tourist destination is a necessary condition but not enough for the expansion and success of tourism activity. To be successful, tourism requires investment, inputs, appropriate planning and management, like any other economic activity. A fundamental goal of the destination management is to understand how the competitiveness of a tourist destination can be improved and sustained. Competitive position of tourism can be measured and assessed by various models. Evaluating the indicators of competitiveness of a tourist destination involves a multivariate analysis, ranging from issues directly related to tourism activity itself to the indirect factors. These are elements that are interrelated and that together will point out the competitive condition of this destination. From the definition and characterization of competitiveness, sustainability and management in the context of tourist destinations, understood as the main concepts of this study, we present the main theoretical and methodological models of assessment of competitiveness of tourist destinations in the literature and represent the state of the issue in the scientific treatment of the subject. These models, designed by researchers from several countries and applied in different tourist destinations...

The tourism industry is gaining representation by move and stimulate the economy, especially by allowing the generation of employment and income, thus allowing growth opportunities for localities where tourism develops. Therefore, the present study entitled determinants of competitiveness of tourist destinations applied to regional routes: an evaluation of the Route of Seridó/RN, discusses the issue of competitiveness in tourism and tries to understand the scenery of this Route. The main objective of the study is to assess the conditions of competitiveness in the Route of Seridó/RN according to benchmarks and global determinants of competitiveness for tourist destinations. The study has also as specifics objectives: define dimensions of the reference model for use in evaluating the competitiveness of the Route of Seridó/RN; identify levels of governance and competitiveness in the municipalities that make up the sample set above the Route, and analyze to what extent the competitiveness of the Route correspond to the global reference of competitiveness of tourism destinations. Regarding the methodology, it is a search for an exploratory- descriptive and used a combination of quantitative and qualitative research method as expected and required in the implementation of the evaluation tool called Compet&enible Model. For data collection...

Trade has proven to be a powerful engine of growth worldwide. But not all countries have benefited equally. Despite much effort to use trade policy to catalyze exports, many developing countries have failed to achieve successful, sustainable export and economic growth. Even with the benefit of preferential market access, many developing country exporters face a broad and diverse set of constraints that limit their potential to compete in export markets. This paper discusses the concept of "competitiveness" with respect to trade and the various dimensions on which trade competitiveness might be assessed. It argues there is a need for a framework by which trade competitiveness can be assessed in a systematic way. Inspired by the "growth diagnostics" approach, it outlines a possible framework for assessing factors that facilitate or constrain trade competitiveness.

Competitiveness is a broad subject with applications at the level of the firm, industry, region, nation, and global economy. Each one of these aspects has a rich literature drawn on by academics and policy makers over a long period. This book seeks to present a broad overview of the main ideas underlying competitiveness and its applications, highlighting, and discussing in greater depth the topics that are of relevance currently. The book draws out the experiences of and lessons for developing economies and examines in detail the role for policy. This paper is structured as follows: chapter one addresses competition and competition policy; chapter two examines competitiveness by analyzing its many different indicators; chapter three looks further at indexes of national competitiveness that describe international competitive performance; chapter four addresses innovation, an increasingly important aspect of competitiveness; and chapter five discusses competitiveness and clusters.

The paper assesses the contribution of key factors associated with external imbalances in the Eurozone through the estimation of a panel-data vector autoregressive model over 1975-2011. Growth fluctuations, initially associated with demand booms triggered by unusually low interest rates and later with demand contractions resulting from the crisis and policy adjustments, have been key drivers of current account fluctuations. Changes in competitiveness, measured by real exchange rates or unit labor costs, have played a less important role. Demand shocks have contributed more to current account balance dynamics in the Eurozone periphery than in the core, whereas competitiveness has been a less prominent factor in the periphery but relatively more important in the core. Changes in competitiveness are positively associated with changes in growth. Preventing imbalances from building up in a context of growing financial integration and easy finance warrants enhanced mutual surveillance of fiscal imbalances, but also better regulation of credit markets to prevent excess leverage and concentration of lending in investments prone to speculative bubbles. Coordination of fiscal policy across the Eurozone would facilitate the management of external imbalances without placing an often unwarranted burden on fiscal tightening in countries with sound fiscal positions affected by credit booms. The policies of internal devaluation implemented in the periphery...

The Service Trade Competitiveness Diagnostic (STDC) Toolkit is part of a larger agenda of trade competitiveness work developed by the World Bank’s International Trade Unit in recent years. Services are a key input in countries’ trade competitiveness, as well as a new source of trade diversification, making it critical to understand what factors and main constraints matter most for services competitiveness. The Toolkit provides a framework, guidelines, and set of practical tools to conduct a thorough analysis and diagnostic of trade competitiveness in the services sector with a methodology that sheds light on a country’s ability both to export services and improve its export performance through policy change. This Toolkit is designed to be used in a modular way. Either a full country diagnostic can be undertaken or various parts of the toolkit can be used to address specific questions of interest, whether they pertain to existing services performance, the potential for expansion and growth in services trade, or policy options to increase competitiveness in services trade. The output of an STCD can be used to assess either the overall performance of a country’s services sector or the performance of individual sub-sectors. This Toolkit complements the analytical framework for trade in goods provided by the Trade Competitiveness Diagnostic Toolkit (World Bank...

La competitividad ha sido una prioridad en la literatura de referencia relacionada con la economía, la gestión y dirección estratégica. En este trabajo se aborda el tema específico de estudio de la competitividad de los destinos turísticos. El enfoque del estudio de investigación se centra en el municipio de Foz do Iguaçu (Paraná, Brasil), en el contexto de la competitividad. El marco teórico se basa en los siguientes temas: la competitividad de los destinos turísticos y sus modelos y la gestión de destinos. Después de este análisis, se determinó una matriz de indicadores de competitividad, y esta matriz se aplicó con el objeto de estudio, además de entrevistas con los responsables de los destinos turísticos. Los resultados llevaron a un análisis por separado, con un conjunto de construcciones para la evaluación de la competitividad.; ABSTRACT: Competitiveness of Tourism Destinations. Competitiveness has been a priority in the reference literature related to economics, management and strategic management. This paper addresses the specific topic of study of the competitiveness of tourist destinations. The focus of the research study focuses on the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu - Paraná - Brazil, under the context of competitiveness. The theoretical framework is based on the themes: competitiveness of tourism destinations and their models and management of destinations. After this analysis...

The basic framework for the background study on building export competitiveness in Laos is based on the National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES), which appropriately stresses the need to: (i) improve the business climate by creating a predictable and transparent policy environment; (ii) streamline administrative procedures and regulations that are an obstacle to domestic and foreign private investment; and (iii) strengthen market institutions, including most notably those related to dispute resolution and contract enforcement. This paper focuses on three key priority areas: (a) Strengthening fiscal management is a first priority area. Progress in strengthening fiscal management is likely to require reforms to the broader framework of center-province fiscal relations; (b) Establishing a functioning banking system is a second priority area. Laos needs an efficient banking system to achieve the government's development goals and meet the competitive challenges of regional integration; and (3) Improving competitiveness is a third priority area. Conventional macroeconomic assessments of competitiveness using real effective exchange rates do not suggest any major competitiveness concerns. Other approaches, involving a more detailed assessment of the various elements that make up the investment climate...

The purpose of this study is to assess agriculture's competitiveness in Colombia. During the past 12 years, Colombia's agricultural sector has performed poorly, resulting in the continuation of extensive rural poverty. Improving the sector's competitiveness is the only sure and lasting way to improve its growth performance and reduce poverty. Thus, the main objectives of this study are to assess: (a) the sector's current and potential competitiveness, (b) the factors that determine or inhibit its competitiveness, (c) the extent to which the campesino economy is competitive and could become more so, and (d) the role of policies in determining the sector's competitiveness. The study outlines strategic options that would strengthen the sector's competitiveness, with emphasis on development of transition measures to ease the path to adoption of new orientations. The work has been organized around three main themes: (a) the competitiveness of products and product chains, (b) underlying factors that influence competitiveness...

While Zambia's economy performs well, in macroeconomic terms, low levels of productivity plague industry, and this constrains growth, diversification and prosperity. In recent years, economic growth has averaged 5-6 percent a year, business reforms are being implemented, and investment levels are at an all time high. However, according to the World Economic Forum's global competitiveness index 2010-2011, Zambia is not a competitive place in which to do business (ranking 115th out of 139 countries). Not surprisingly, business productivity tends to be low, and few Zambian industries are internationally competitive. Formal employment is shrinking and rural poverty is increasing. In summary, there is an urgent need to increase productivity, growth and employment. These questions continue to preoccupy policy makers, businesses and civil society especially in light of government's strategy to embrace private sector-led growth and facilitate competitiveness and diversification. The Jobs and Prosperity: Building Zambia's Competitiveness (JPC) Program is an effort to answer these questions and...

Brazilian exports of goods and services have grown sharply in recent years, with sales nearly three times higher in 2010 than in 2000. However, Brazil faces considerable competitiveness challenges: its export performance depends mostly on favorable geographical and sector composition effects. Such challenges increased after the recent global economic crisis. A recent slowdown in industrial exports, production, and investments seems related to supply-side difficulties stemming from a wide range of inefficiencies and rising costs, rather than insufficient demand. Although a stronger currency is one of the factors behind the lower competitiveness of Brazil's manufacturing exports, sluggish productivity performance, lack of dynamism at the firm level, and a real wage uptrend seem to explain a significant part of the overall loss of competitiveness. This diagnostic reinforces the urgency of resuming the agenda of microeconomic reforms, increasing the investment-to-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio, and advancing toward better-skilled human capital.

This study analyzes Nepal's trade policies and performance, identifies constraints to increasing trade competitiveness, and recommends policy changes and technical assistance to improve trade performance. The study is timely, as Nepal's interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper of 2003 assigns a key role to trade and exports as drivers of broad-based economic growth-one of the four main pillars of its strategy. Key conclusions of this report suggest Nepal's trade policies are generally sound, and the country is competitive in a variety of products. However, these positive factors are tempered by constraints that make Nepal's productivity among the lowest in the region, create an inhospitable business climate, and discourage foreign direct investment-a key conduit for export-market access and technology transfer. The most critical constraints are: 1) delays in customs and transshipment to India's Kolkata port; 2) high infrastructure costs, especially transport and power; 3) a rigid, formal labor market; and...

This paper explores competitiveness of Cote d'Ivoire's economy over a long period of 1960-2003 and its link with cocoa prices. The main conclusions are as follows. First, using four measures of real effective exchange rate (REER) for the 1960-2002 period, we track the evolution of REER and conclude, inter alia, that until 2003, REER remained well below its 1994 level. Second, we find that based on our measure of the multilateral REER with dynamic weights, which covers most recorded trade, France no longer dominates Cote d'Ivoire's trade. Instead, Cote d'Ivoire has diversified its set of trading partners. Unfortunately, it has also specialized in one export product, raw cocoa. This paper aims to contribute to the question to what extent do cocoa prices affect Cote d'Ivoire's competitiveness in world trade? Third, the answer to this question is that cocoa prices are an important determinant of Cote d'Ivoire's competitiveness. Similar to the case of a classic "Dutch Disease," increases in the real world price of a "natural resource" (i.e....

Este trabalho avalia o estado e a contribuição das cooperações universidade-empresa e inter-empresas para a competitividade de empresas industriais do polo tecnológico de São Carlos, sob a ótica do empreendedor. A contextualização teórica é feita através da revisão bibliográfica dos temas referentes a pequenas empresas, pólos tecnológicos, tecnologia, inovação, competitividade e cooperação universidade-empresa e inter-empresas. Para a avaliação da contribuição das cooperações foram utilizadas as dimensões de competitividade da manufatura mais aceitas na literatura. Foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso, com uma amostra de onze empresas do Polo Tecnológico de São Carlos, composta de dez empresas de pequeno porte e uma de médio porte. Foi aplicado um questionário com o objetivo de obter a percepção dos empreendedores acerca da competitividade de suas empresas, a avaliação que fazem das cooperações universidade-empresa e inter-empresas e também a avaliação dos empreendedores sobre a importância do pólo tecnológico de São Carlos na sustentação e incremento da competitividade de suas empresas. O resultado da pesquisa mostrou que os empreendedores têm dificuldades de entendimento sobre o conceito de competitividade e das dimensões que sustentam a competitividade da manufatura. Mostrou também quais são as dimensões da competitividade mais impactadas pelas cooperações e...

This book aims at contributing to the on-going discussion about economies’ performance and firm competitiveness by looking at what the contemporary and emerging factors of firm competitiveness are within the present setting characterized by globalization, the knowledge-based economy and technological and climate change. It looks at what factors are critical for competitiveness, focussing on a Portuguese perspective within the EU context. While an adequate economic and institutional framework in the EU and its member states (an issue addressed within the Lisbon Agenda) importantly conditions firms’ competitiveness, this book primarily deals with the firm level and considers how firms may transform the challenges and constraints brought about by a rapidly changing business environment into economic opportunity. To find out what provides a decisive edge for companies on the global market one needs to analyze the leading competitiveness factors today, but also try to understand what those competitiveness factors will or could look like within the medium and longer term. The book brings together a range of contributions combining illustrative data and theory on the subject of competitiveness from contributors with different backgrounds...

Novas abordagens de competitividade no mercado globalizado consideram a competição entre arranjos produtivos (APs). Neste caso, observa-se colaboração e cooperação entre empresas que competem com outros aglomerados. A competitividade de um AP pode ser prejudicada se houverem fatores inibidores, que venham restringir o seu desempenho em longo prazo. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de fazer uma análise dos fatores de competitividade da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel (CPB) do semi-árido, levando em consideração os sete fatores inibidores de competitividade: tipo de produto exportado, nível de conhecimento do mercado, nível de entendimento do posicionamento competitivo, aproveitamento de oportunidades de integração para agregação de valor, nível de cooperação entre as empresas, compreensão do tipo de raciocínio das empresas e o nível de paternalismo presente na CPB localizada no semi-árido nordestino. Foi realizada uma análise comparativa do CPB, destacando sua posição em relação ao restante do mundo. O título do artigo e os fatores inibidores foram inspirados no livro Arando o Mar: Fortalecendo as fontes ocultas de crescimento em países em desenvolvimento, de Michael Fairbanks e Stace Lindsay.; The new global market competitiveness considerer the competition between productive chains (PC) or supply chains...