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‣ A evolução da renda disponível no Brasil : 2003-2009; The evolution of disposable inequality income in Brasil from 2003 to 2009
Fonte: Biblioteca Digital da Unicamp
Publicador: Biblioteca Digital da Unicamp
Tipo: Dissertação de Mestrado
Formato: application/pdf
Publicado em 25/02/2014
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
48.04406%
O Brasil é um país profundamente marcado pela desigualdade de renda, mas durante a última década passou por um período de crescimento econômico acompanhado de uma melhora na estrutura social e de redução da desigualdade. Este trabalho pretende analisar a queda da desigualdade de renda disponível no Brasil no período de crescimento econômico compreendido entre os anos de 2003 e 2009. Pretende-se estudar a evolução da desigualdade de renda após a subtração dos impostos, tendo em vista a importância dessa informação como um aspecto importante de uma abordagem multidimensional da desigualdade, para compreender a atuação do Estado nesse processo de diminuição da desigualdade.; Brazil is a country deeply marked by income inequality, but over the last decade has experienced a period of economic growth accompanied by an improvement in the social structure and inequality reduction. This paper discusses the fall in inequality of disposable income in Brazil in the period of economic growth between the years 2003 and 2009. We intend to study the evolution of income inequality after subtracting taxes, considering the importance of this information as an important part of a multidimensional approach to inequality aspect to understand the role of the state in this process of reduction of inequality.
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Análise do perfil dos utilizadores de cartão de crédito em Portugal com base no Module Ad-Hoc "On Over-Indebtedness and Financial Exclusion" (SILC)
Fonte: Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão
Publicador: Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão
Tipo: Dissertação de Mestrado
Publicado em //2013
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#cartão de crédito#credit card puzzle#rendimento disponível#household finance#crédito ao consumo#Portugal#Europa#endividamento#credit card#disposable income#consumer credit
Mestrado em Finanças; O presente trabalho de investigação visa analisar a tipologia dos indivíduos que em Portugal possuem cartão de crédito (posse) e o utilizam, atendendo à forma como liquidam o saldo do cartão de crédito no final do período ou como o usam pagando parte do saldo existente (uso). Estuda ainda as causas dos comportamentos dos indivíduos e famílias em relação à posse e uso do cartão de crédito.
Existe uma teoria designada por credit card puzzle que é essencial ao debate teórico em torno dos cartões de crédito. Por falta de informação para pesquisa exata se existe ou não um puzzle em Portugal, procuro verificar se existe uma associação entre ter cartão de crédito com saldo negativo e diversas características da família como por exemplo: o escalão de rendimento disponível, a idade, a necessidade de pedir empréstimos, o indicador de pobreza, entre outras. A conclusão a que se chega é que há fortes indícios da existência de um credit card puzzle em Portugal.
A pesquisa empírica sobre os fatores que determinam a posse e uso do cartão de crédito é baseada no Module Ad-Hoc “On Over-Indebtedness And Financial Exclusion-2008” (EU-SILC) para Portugal e EU, guiada por 10 hipóteses explicativas baseadas na literatura consultada.
Os resultados obtidos são de que existe uma relação positiva entre o rendimento do agregado e a posse e uso do cartão de crédito; o número de pessoas no agregado familiar influencia a posse e o uso do cartão de crédito; conforme aumenta o grau de educação...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Life Satisfaction and Income Inequality
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
48.28961%
#BENCHMARK#CAP#COUNTRY DUMMIES#COUNTRY LEVEL#CROSS-COUNTRY DATA#CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES#CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY#DATA SET#DATA SETS#DEPENDENT VARIABLE#DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
Do people care about income inequality
and does income inequality affect subjective well-being?
Welfare theories can predict either a positive or a negative
impact of income inequality on subjective well-being and
empirical research has found evidence on a positive,
negative or non significant relation. This paper attempts to
determine some of the possible causes of such empirical
heterogeneity. Using a very large sample of world citizens,
the author tests the consistency of income inequality in
predicting life satisfaction. The analysis finds that income
inequality has a negative and significant effect on life
satisfaction. This result is robust to changes in regressors
and estimation choices and also persists across different
income groups and across different types of countries.
However, this relation is easily obscured or reversed by
multicollinearity generated by the use of country and year
fixed effects. This is particularly true if the number of
data points for inequality is small, which is a common
feature of cross-country or longitudinal studies.
Link permanente para citações:
‣ How Should Fiscal Policy Respond to the Economic Crisis in the Low Income Commonwealth of Independent States? Some pointers from Tajikistan
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
48.191436%
#ACCESS TO EXTERNAL FINANCE#ADDITIONAL INCOME#ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY#ADVISORY SERVICES#AGGREGATE DEMAND#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS CONSTRAINT#BALANCE SHEETS#BANK LENDING#BANKING SYSTEM#BILL
The paper analyses how the global
economic crisis will affect the economies of the low income
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and discusses the
fiscal measures which can be taken to help mitigate the
adverse impact of the crisis. It focuses on Tajikistan, the
poorest member of the CIS but also highlights similarities
with the economies of Armenia, the Kyrgyz Republic and
Moldova. The main channels through which the global economic
crisis will affect the low income CIS economies is through a
sharp reduction in remittances from migrant workers in
Russia and lower export earnings. The adjustment to this
external shock will involve a reduction in imports, private
consumption, domestic output and government revenue. Fiscal
policy, constrained by very limited macroeconomic and fiscal
space, faces acute challenges. Maintaining budget targets
for fiscal deficits and domestic borrowing in the face of
revenue shortfalls will lead to a tightening of the fiscal
stance, exacerbating recessionary pressures and making it
very difficult to protect priority social expenditures from
cuts. To avoid these outcomes...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Fiscal Redistribution and Income Inequality in Latin America
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.83456%
#ADVERSE EFFECT#AGRICULTURE#AVERAGE INCOME#BENCHMARK#CAPITAL ASSETS#CASH TRANSFER#CASH TRANSFERS#CENTRAL AMERICAN#COL#CONSUMPTION TAXES#CONVENTIONAL INSTRUMENTS
Income inequality in Latin America ranks
among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to
the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and
education) in the region. But the extent to which asset
inequality translates into income inequality depends on the
redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents
the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the
perspective of income redistribution using newly-available
information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across
the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences
in income inequality before taxes and transfers between
Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than
those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is
that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin
American countries the fiscal system is of little help in
reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where
fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly
through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the
need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the
goal of social equity. However...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Impacts of Large-Scale Expansion of Biofuels on Global Poverty and Income Distribution
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.736387%
#ADVERSE IMPACT#AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES#AGRICULTURAL POLICY#AGRICULTURAL PRICES#AGRICULTURE#BASE YEAR#BILATERAL TRADE#CLIMATE CHANGE#CONSUMER GOODS#CONSUMER PRICE INDEX#CONSUMER PRICES
This paper analyzes the impact of large-scale expansion of biofuels on the global income distribution and poverty. A global computable general equilibrium model is used to simulate the effects of the expansion of biofuels on resource allocation, commodity prices, factor prices and household income. A second model based on world-wide household surveys uses these results to calculate the impacts on poverty and global income inequality. The study finds that the large-scale expansion of biofuels leads to an increase in production and prices of agricultural commodities. The increased prices would cause higher food prices, especially in developing countries. Moreover, wages of unskilled rural labor would also increase, which slows down the rural to urban migration in many developing countries. The study also shows that the effects on poverty vary across regions; it increases in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas it decreases in Latin America. At the global level, the expansion of biofuels increases poverty slightly.
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Dynamics of Income Inequality and Welfare in Latvia in the Late 1990s
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.853535%
#ABSOLUTE POVERTY#ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE#AGGREGATE GROWTH#AGGREGATE INCOME#ASSETS INEQUALITY#AVERAGE INCOME#CONSUMER PRICE INDEX#DEVELOPING COUNTRIES#DISPOSABLE INCOME#DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES#DIVIDENDS
This paper analyzes the dynamics of
poverty and income inequality during the recovery phase of
the transition that characterized the Republic of Latvia in
the late 1990s. Despite a continued rise in income
inequality, empirical evidence suggests an improvement in
living standards, owing largely to a significant surge in
per capita income growth, particularly in urban areas. In a
context of rising income inequality and widening urban-rural
income and poverty gaps, the benefits of growth were not
equally distributed, and poverty persisted in a number of
regions (particularly the regions of Latgale and Vitzeme)
and among some socioeconomic groups (particularly households
deriving their main income from social benefits). In
addition to income inequality and asset endowments, poverty
appears to be highly correlated with a number of labor
market-related variables, particularly unemployment,
suggesting that the labor market could be an important
transmission channel from growth to poverty. However, though
positive...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Economic Growth, Income Distribution, and Poverty in Poland During Transition
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.764077%
#BANKRUPTCY#BASKET OF GOODS#BUDGET CONSTRAINTS#CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS#CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES#CONSUMPTION LEVELS#CPI#DEBT#DISPOSABLE INCOME#ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT#ECONOMIC GROWTH
The authors attempt to analyze the linkages between macroeconomic policies and economic growth
variables, their movement over time, and their impact on
poverty in the case of Poland. Poland, a middle-income
country, is of particular interest because its data sources
allow for a relatively detailed analysis of such
developments, and the macroeconomic environment and the
economic growth variables show a relatively sizable degree
of variance. In addition, Poland has struggled in the past
few years to reduce poverty while still experiencing
positive economic growth. The authors show that in Poland,
poverty-reducing growth depends heavily on the ability of
the economy to generate jobs. During the early years of
transition, net job growth was positive, while after the
Russian crisis of 1998, productivity gains were accomplished
mostly through labor shedding, henceforth, increasing
poverty in Poland. In addition, the authors identify how
fiscal and social protection policies affect income
distribution and poverty in Poland.
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Global Income Distribution : From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.849043%
#AVERAGE ANNUAL#AVERAGE GROWTH#AVERAGE GROWTH RATE#AVERAGE INCOME#AVERAGE INCOMES#BENCHMARK#CAPITAL FLOWS#COMMODITY#COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE#CONSUMER PRICE INDICES#CONSUMER PRICE INFLATION
The paper presents a newly compiled and
improved database of national household surveys between 1988
and 2008. In 2008, the global Gini index is around 70.5
percent having declined by approximately 2 Gini points over
this twenty year period. When it is adjusted for the likely
under-reporting of top incomes in surveys by using the gap
between national accounts consumption and survey means in
combination with a Pareto-type imputation of the upper tail,
the estimate is a much higher global Gini of almost 76
percent. With such an adjustment the downward trend in the
Gini almost disappears. Tracking the evolution of individual
country-deciles shows the underlying elements that drive the
changes in the global distribution: China has graduated from
the bottom ranks, modifying the overall shape of the global
income distribution in the process and creating an important
global "median" class that has transformed a
twin-peaked 1988 global distribution into an almost
single-peaked one now. The "winners" were
country-deciles that in 1988 were around the median of the
global income distribution...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Restructuring Corporate Income Tax and Value Added Tax in Vietnam : An Analysis of Current Changes and Agenda for the Future
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.78448%
#ACCOUNTANT#ACCOUNTING#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM TAX#AMORTIZATION#BASE RATES#BENEFICIARIES#BORROWING COSTS#BROKERAGE#BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT#BUSINESS TAX
The study is in two parts, part one
covering the various policy aspects of Corporate Income Tax
(CIT) and includes issues such as expenses and deductions to
determine the tax base, transfer pricing, thin
capitalization, taxation of special entities, and tax
incentives. All this is done in the backdrop of
international experience of corporate income taxes applied
globally. Finally, alternatives for rate rationalization and
their impact on CIT revenues using a forecasting model are
examined. The existing provisions of the law are referenced
in this part of the study as well, and further scope for
reform discussed as necessary. Part two of the study
presents a similar analysis of value added tax as well as
forecasting of VAT revenues. This chapter examines the
present rate structure including zero-rating, exemptions and
exclusions from VAT, and VAT refunds. Taxation of some
special sectors such as agriculture, real estate and exports
is also analyzed. All this is again done in the milieu of
international experience of value added taxes in
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) countries...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Fiscal Adjustment and Income Inequality : Sub-national Evidence from Brazil
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.764077%
#ACCOUNTING#ADJUSTMENT PERIOD#ADJUSTMENT PROCESS#ADVERSE EFFECT#AMORTIZATION#BANK POLICY#BENEFICIARY#BOND#BUDGET DEFICIT#BUSINESS CYCLE#BUSINESS CYCLES
The paper combines state-level fiscal
data with household survey data to assess the links between
sub-national fiscal policy and income inequality in Brazil
over the period 1995-2011. The results indicate that a
tighter fiscal stance at the sub-national level is not
associated with a deterioration in inequality measures. This
finding contrasts with the conclusions of several papers in
the burgeoning literature on the effects of fiscal
consolidation on inequality using national data for OECD
economies. In addition, the authors find that a tighter
stance is typically positively associated with a measure of
"shared prosperity". Hence, the results caution
against extrapolating policy implications of the literature
focusing on advanced economies to other settings.
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Competition in Kenyan Markets and Its Impact on Income and Poverty : A Case Study on Sugar and Maize
Fonte: World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.775%
#AGRICULTURE#AVERAGE ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION#AVERAGE PRICES#BARRIERS TO COMPETITION#BARS#BEET SUGAR#BENCHMARK#BENCHMARKS#BORDER PRICE#CANE SUGAR#CARTEL
This paper investigates the link between
competitive, well-functioning food markets and consumer
welfare. The paper explores two key food markets in Kenya --
sugar and maize -- and argues that a variety of factors
conspire to distort market prices upward. Distortionary
factors include import tariff policy, nontariff barriers,
potential anticompetitive conduct by firms, and direct state
intervention in markets. Changes in sugar and maize prices
are shown to have significant welfare effects on consumers.
Equivalent income effects are estimated using the most
recent available representative household survey data -- the
Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005/06. The paper
shows that relaxing trade barriers to allow sugar prices to
fall by 20 percent could reduce poverty by 1.5 percent.
Similarly, adjusting government interventions in the maize
market, which have been shown to inflate maize prices by 20
percent on average, could reduce poverty by 1.8 percent. The
magnitude of the estimated income effects may vary based on
updated household-level consumption data...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Lebanon Economic Monitor, Spring 2013
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Relatório
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
48.124575%
#ACCOUNTING#ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK#AGGREGATE DEMAND#AGRICULTURE#ANNUAL GROWTH#ARREARS#ASSETS#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS DEFICIT#BALANCE SHEETS#BANK LENDING
The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an
update on key economic developments and policies over the
past six months. It also presents findings from recent World
Bank work on Lebanon. The political standoff combined with
an escalating Syrian conflict hampered growth in 2012, and
is projected to continue doing so through the first half of
2013. Economic growth in 2012 is estimated to have
decelerated to 1.4 percent due to a weak second half of 2012
following a downturn in the security situation. The major
fiscal expansion that took place in 2012 is creating fiscal
challenges for 2013, particularly in the context of a
promised increase in public salaries. The fiscal expansion,
measured by the change in the central government s primary
fiscal balance, reached a staggering 4.6 percentage points
of GDP in 2012. The overall fiscal deficit reached 9.4
percent of GDP in 2012. Inflationary pressures rose despite
tepid economic activity. Headline inflation accelerated
notably in the second half of 2012. Core inflation has also
been on an upward trend...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ The Consumption, Income, and Wealth of the Poorest
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.817812%
#LIVING STANDARDS#PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION#FORECASTS#RISKS#HOUSEHOLD SIZE#HOUSEHOLD SURVEY#ECONOMIC GROWTH#PRODUCTION#VALUATION#DISPOSABLE INCOME#FOOD CONSUMPTION
This paper provides new empirical
insights on the joint distribution of consumption, income,
and wealth in three of the poorest countries in the world —
Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda — all located in Sub-Saharan
Africa (SSA). The first finding is that while income
inequality is similar to that of the United States (US),
wealth inequality is barely one-third that of the US.
Similarly, while the top of the income distribution (1 and
10 percent) earns a similar share of total income in SSA as
in the US, the share of total wealth accumulated by the
income-rich in SSA is one-fifth of its US counterpart. The
main contributions of the paper are to document: (i) this
dwarfed transmission from income to wealth, which suggests
that SSA households face a larger inability to save and
accumulate wealth compared with US households; and (ii) a
lower transmission from income to consumption inequality,
which suggests the presence of powerful institutions that
favor consumption insurance to the detriment of saving.
These features are more relevant for rural areas...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ La influencia de la riqueza financiera sobre el consumo privado : análisis de la experiencia española durante la “Gran Recesión”
Fonte: Universidad de Alcalá. Instituto Universitario de Análisis Económico y Social
Publicador: Universidad de Alcalá. Instituto Universitario de Análisis Económico y Social
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento
Formato: application/pdf
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
48.36561%
#Consumo privado#Renta disponible#Riqueza financiera#Tipo de interés#Modelo de corrección de error#Private consumption#Disposable income#Financial wealth#Interest rate#Error correction model#Economía
En línea con la teoría dominante del consumo agregado, los estudios llevados a cabo en España sobre el comportamiento del consumo privado han confirmado el papel determinante de la renta real disponible y la riqueza real en la explicación de la evolución de este componente fundamental de la demanda global. Sin embargo, un análisis de las fluctuaciones que ha registrado el consumo privado en nuestro país durante la llamada Gran Recesión, si bien ratifica la relevancia explicativa de las variables señaladas, pone también de relieve que la riqueza total no parece el complemento idóneo para explicar las fluctuaciones recientes de esta variable. En contraste con los resultados de los últimos modelos del Banco de España, y en consonancia con los obtenidos por otros autores, nuestro análisis confirma, en efecto, que, junto con la renta real disponible, la evolución de la riqueza financiera resulta decisiva para explicar la evolución del consumo privado en España durante la última crisis, lo cual revaloriza el papel de las teorías que otorgan a las magnitudes financieras una influencia determinante en la generación de las fluctuaciones económicas. Esta conclusión es relevante para la política económica española, ya que la mejora que está experimentando la riqueza financiera en España...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Main Drivers of Income Inequality in Central European and Baltic Countries : Some Insights from Recent Household Survey Data
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
48.308584%
#ACCOUNTING#AVERAGE INCOME#AVERAGE INCOMES#AVERAGE SHARE#CALCULATIONS#CAPITAL INVESTMENTS#CASH TRANSFERS#CLIENT COUNTRY#CONSUMER#CONSUMER DURABLE#CONTRIBUTION
Present levels of income inequality in
Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland,
Slovakia, and Slovenia remain considerably higher than their
pre-transition levels, although the relative pace of change
over time has varied quite a bit across countries. Using
data from the 2006 European Union Survey of Income and
Living Conditions, this paper finds that prevailing levels
of income inequality in these countries continue to be low
by international standards, and that this is in large part
due to the very high redistributive impact of direct taxes
and public transfers. In addition to the instrumental role
of tax and transfer policies in redistributing income, the
paper highlights the important role played by differences in
education levels and labor market participation rates in
explaining observed inequalities across people and across
different regions (although not in explaining observed
differences across countries). The paper includes an
analysis of key factors that help explain observed variation
across countries in the level of public support for
redistribution...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Learning from China's Rise to Escape the Middle-Income Trap : A New Structural Economics Approach to Latin America
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.792793%
#ACCOUNTING#ADVANCED COUNTRIES#ADVANCED COUNTRY#ADVANCED ECONOMIES#AFFILIATES#AGRICULTURE#BANK OF KOREA#BANKING CRISES#BANKING SUPERVISION#BANKING SYSTEM#BANKS
This paper discusses the causes of the
middle-income trap in Latin America and the Caribbean,
identifies the challenges and opportunities for Latin
America that come from China's rise, and draws lessons
from New Structural Economics and the Growth Identification
and Facilitation Framework to help Latin America escape the
middle-income trap. Countries in Latin America and the
Caribbean are caught in a middle-income trap due to their
inability to structurally upgrade from low value-added to
high value-added products. Governments in Latin America and
the Caribbean should intervene in industries in which they
have a comparative advantage, calibrating supporting
policies in close collaboration with the private sector
through public-private sector alliances. Through continuous
structural upgrading in sectors intensive in factors such as
natural resources, scientific knowledge, and unskilled
labor, the region could achieve dynamic growth. This would
require investments in education, research and development,
and physical infrastructure. Therefore...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Russian Economic Report, April 2015; The Dawn of a New Economic Era?
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Report; Economic & Sector Work; Economic & Sector Work :: Economic Updates and Modeling
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
48.509614%
#ACCESS TO CAPITAL#AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION#ASSET POSITIONS#BAILOUT#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BALANCE SHEETS#BANK DEPOSITS#BANK LENDING#BANKING SECTOR#BANKING SECTOR STABILITY#BANKING SYSTEM
Russia's economy experienced two
shocks in 2014. On top of the structural crisis that began
in 2012, Russia had to deal with cyclical and idiosyncratic
challenges to the economy. One of the new shocks illustrates
Russia s integration into the world economy through its
natural resource exports, and thus its dependence on the
global commodity cycle: oil prices more than halved between
July and December 2014, giving Russia a terms-of-trade
shock. The ruble lost 46 percent of its value against the US
dollar, which worsened already eroded business and consumer
confidence. The monetary tightening in response made credit
expensive, further dampening domestic demand. The other,
more idiosyncratic, shock was related to the geopolitical
tensions that began in March 2014 and led to economic
sanctions. The tensions not only heightened perceptions that
Russian investments had become riskier, they also
dramatically increased the costs of external borrowing for
Russian banks and firms. Spreads on Russian credit default
swaps peaked in December at 578 basis points...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ External Shocks, Fiscal Policy and Income Distribution : Alternative Scenarios for Moldova
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.775%
#ACCOUNTING#ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL#ADVERSE SHOCKS#AGRICULTURE#ANNUAL GROWTH#ASSETS#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BASE YEAR#BRAIN DRAIN#BUDGET CONSTRAINT#BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
The economy of Moldova, which has one of
the lowest levels of gross national income per capita in the
World Bank Europe and Central Asia region, is strongly
linked to the outside world, especially to the neighboring
countries of the European Union and the Commonwealth of
Independent States. This paper analyzes a set of scenarios
for Moldova up to 2020, defined to shed light on issues
related to an alternative future dominated by goods and
services exports as opposed to today's reliance on
worker remittances. The analysis is based on a Moldovan
version of MAMS (Maquette for Millennium Development Goal
Simulations), a CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) model
for country strategy analysis. In sum, the impact of
increased export demand and productivity growth is more
positive when these shocks are directed to manufacturing, a
sector more heavily linked to international trade, compared
with agriculture. Increased productivity in transport and
communications generates faster growth with widely diffused
benefits...
Link permanente para citações:
‣ Appraising Cross-National Income Inequality Databases; An Introduction
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Working Paper; Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
48.28596%
#HOUSEHOLD INCOMES#HARMONIZATION#CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES#IMPUTATIONS#POVERTY LINE#INEQUALITY DYNAMICS#DISPOSABLE INCOME#DATA CENTER#INEQUALITY INDICATORS#INCOME#INCREASING INEQUALITY
In response to a growing interest in
comparing inequality levels and trends across countries,
several cross-national inequality databases are now
available. These databases differ considerably in purpose,
coverage, data sources, inclusion and exclusion criteria,
and quality of documentation. A special issue of the Journal
of Economic Inequality, which this paper introduces, is
devoted to an assessment of the merits and shortcomings of
eight such databases. Five of these sets are
microdata-based: CEPALSTAT, Income Distribution Database,
Luxembourg Income Study, PovcalNet, and Socio-Economic
Database for Latin America and the Caribbean. Two are based
on secondary sources: All the Ginis and the World Income
Inequality Database; and one is generated entirely through
multiple-imputation methods: the Standardized World Income
Inequality Database. Although there is much agreement across
these databases, there is also a nontrivial share of
country/year cells for which substantial discrepancies
exist. In some cases...
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