O Bacillus cereus é um patógeno amplamente distribuído na natureza, relacionado a intoxicações alimentares e causador da coagulação doce do leite. A intoxicação pode ocorrer após a ingestão de alimentos nos quais a bactéria produziu a toxina. Em laticínios, o B. cereus é problemático por sua habilidade de formar esporos resistentes ao calor e sobreviver aos tratamentos térmicos, como a pasteurização e UHT. As espécies de Bacillus são freqüentemente isoladas de leite pasteurizado e UHT e evidências indicam que os biofilmes formados nas superfícies dos equipamentos de processamento são uma das principais fontes de contaminação. No biofilme, as células ou esporos aderidos, têm aumentada sua resistência e podem resistir ao processo de sanificação, se tornando focos de disseminação de bactérias no processo. A matriz polimérica do biofilme reage e neutraliza os agentes sanificantes, expondo as bactérias em seu interior a doses subletais, podendo levar a aquisição de resistência. Neste estudo, biofilmes de células vegetativas B. cereus foram desenvolvidos na superfície de aço inoxidável, tipo 304, com filme de condicionamento de leite. A adesão média das células foi de 1,4 x 105UFC/cm2. Também foram desenvolvidos biofilmes de esporos...

Esse trabalho apresenta a análise energética e termo econômico comparativo para sistemas de cogeração, utilizando o gás natural, projetados para uma indústria de laticínios na Colômbia. Esses sistemas devem produzir as seguintes utilidades para os processos da planta: vapor, água gelada, ar comprimido, eletricidade, água de torre de resfriamento e água potável. Estas comparações desenvolvem-se para dois cenários: no primeiro os sistemas geram as utilidades somete para a planta e no segundo os sistemas exportam também os excedentes de eletricidade. Os sistemas de cogeração são: um ciclo de vapor com turbina a vapor de condensação e extração de vapor, um sistema baseado em uma turbina num motor a gás. Na análise termo econômica, utilizam-se os métodos de alocação de custos da igualdade e da extração para determinar os custos de produção das utilidades para cada processo na planta, na condição operacional original da planta, e para cada um dos cenários operacionais considerados das plantas de cogeração com três preços do gás natural: 2,5, 3,5 e 4,5 US$/MMBtu. Esta comparação indica a viabilidade dos sistemas de cogeração para cada cenário de produção. Os resultados demonstram que somente o sistema baseado na turbina a gás com o gás a 2...

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP); Processo FAPESP: 2010/11066-4; Spirulina platensis is a filamentous cyanobacterium, photosynthetic tissue that can live in soil, marshes, alkaline lakes and freshwater, brackish and marine. Microalgae cultivation is a beneficial process, not only due to the production of proteins of high biological value for human and animal nutrition, but also for obtaining other products like vitamins, pigments and lipids. The microalgae can be used for biodiesel production in the pharmaceutical industry and also in wastewater treatment because it has the ability to consume organic substances and inorganic nutrients from wastewater. The wastewater from a dairy industry refers to water for washing machines and production equipment. This carries significant quantities of dairy products. Whey is the residue from cheese-making which retains significant part of the nutrients of milk. Both the dairy effluent as cheese whey have high values of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and therefore need appropriate treatment avoiding they become pollutants when reach water bodies. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Spirulina platensis in COD reducing of two alternative cultivation medium: one containing wastewater from a dairy in three different dilutions (1000...

A Indústria de Laticínios no Brasil tem buscado cada vez mais a utilização de novos métodos que possibilitem o aumento da eficiência, tanto da área técnica, quanto da área econômica, sendo que esta última acaba sendo, muitas vezes, consequência da obtenção da primeira. Este esforço no setor foi realizado no Brasil principalmente depois da maior abertura do país às empresas multinacionais ocorrida nos anos de 1990, o que fez aumentar a competitividade empresarial entre elas, sendo este fator determinante para que as indústrias de laticínios sobrevivessem a este novo cenário que se instalou. Este trabalho visa à avaliação do potencial de ganhos em eficiência energética na indústria de laticínios, que pertence ao setor de Alimentos e Bebidas. Para tal, analisou-se a aplicação de ferramentas da engenharia econômica e da otimização sendo que foi desenvolvido três Estudos de Caso. No primeiro estudo de caso, analisou-se uma análise de viabilidade técnico-econômica da substituição de motores elétricos de um laticínio, tudo isto a partir de dados reais coletados de uma grande indústria de laticínios. No segundo estudo de caso, estudou-se a otimização por meio da maximização da Margem de Contribuição (MC) de uma amostra de 6 produtos...

Although it is commonly believed that aggregate economic growth must be associated with public infrastructure stocks, the possible infrastructure needs and effects are different from industry to industry. The agriculture sector is typical. Various infrastructures would affect agriculture growth differently depending on the type of commodity. This paper finds that a general transport network is essential to promote coffee and cocoa production, perhaps along with irrigation facilities, depending on local rainfall. Conversely, along with the transport network, the dairy industry necessitates rural water supply services as well. In some African countries, a 1 percent improvement in these key aspects of infrastructure could raise GDP by about 0.1-0.4 percent, and by possibly by several percent in some cases.

There are a number of components which may assist in maintaining appropriate energy balance. We have reviewed the evidence and conducted a number of clinical studies to provide further insight into the role of dairy foods and fractions in reducing energy intake. Collectively, our studies have shown that high protein diets, foods and ingredients have a useful effect on appetite control. This does not appear to differ by source of protein, with dairy, meat, wheat and soy protein all demonstrating similar benefits. We have not observed that high protein, low fat diets for weight management are enhanced by dairy protein or calcium. Commonly available dairy foods, particularly those comprised of protein and lactose, may collectively contribute more to assisting energy balance than any of the individual components. The roles of dairy protein fractions and peptides, as well as dairy fat on appetite regulation and weight management needs substantiation in human studies.; http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17047950; M. Noakes, J. Bowen and P. Clifton

Bovine whey is a rich source of proteins with different physical and physiological activity. In our hands, cheddar cheese whey has been used as a novel source material for development of a candidate human therapeutic – whey growth factor extract (WGFE). The technology for this product has incorporated all aspects of the drug development pipeline, including pre-clinical testing, pharmaceutical grade manufacture and human clinical trials. The WGFE technology represents a different approach to the use of minor dairy ingredients that may potentially return large benefits to both end user and the dairy industry.; http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15144930; G.O. Regester, D.A. Belford, R.J. West and C. Goddard

The link between genome damage and adverse health outcomes is compelling. There is increasing evidence indicating that genome instability, in the absence of overt exposure of genotoxins, is itself a sensitive marker of nutritional deficiency. We have shown that an above-average intake of micronutrients that are found in dairy foods (i.e. calcium, vitamin E, retinol, folate and nicotinic acid) is associated with a reduced genome damage rate measured using the micronucleus assay. Genome health nutrigenomics is an emerging and important new field of nutritional science because it is increasingly evident that an optimal concentration of micronutrients for the prevention of genome damage is dependent on genetic polymorphisms that alter the function of genes involved directly or indirectly in DNA repair and metabolism. With regards to the latter, we have shown that the common methylenetetrahyrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism, its co-factor riboflavin, and folate have a significant effect on genome instability. The development of functional dairy foods that are specifically designed to improve genome health maintenance in humans with specific genetic backgrounds may provide an important contribution to a new optimum genome health strategy based on the diagnosis and individualised nutritional treatment of genome instability (i.e. genome health clinics) and open new markets for the dairy industry.; http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20053165772; Michael Fenech

This thesis examines buyer and seller relationships between dairy producers and milk buyers in Malaysia. The study investigates the determinants of long-term relationships. While relationship marketing has received considerable attention in many other industry sectors, few studies have addressed the food industry. The existing agri-food studies emphasize long-term relationships, investigating variables such as trust, relationship quality and guanxi networks. This thesis addresses how buyers and sellers interact and what influences them to engage in longer-term relationships to improve their business performance. The specific research objectives are to investigate: (i) the determinants of relationship quality and its influence towards long-term relationships; (ii) the determinants of trust and its influence towards supplier loyalty; (iii) the influence of price satisfaction dimensions towards loyalty and business performance; (iv) segmentation of producer perceptions of the relationships; and (v) consumers’ preferences and consumption of dairy products. The study develops and tests a long-term relationship measure of loyalty and relationship commitment. The thesis identifies commitment and loyalty as the essential measures of long-term relationships. Data was collected from 133 dairy producers through face-to-face interviews in Malaysia in June and July 2009. The random sample of producers came from the Department of Veterinary Services database. The data are representative of dairy farm operations throughout Malaysia...

This paper discusses why and how Indians from the Punjab state of India have come to dominate the dairy industry in Northern Italy. Through interviews with Italian employers, we learn how Indians came to replace native Italians in this sector, emerging as the preferred group among dairy owners against other groups of immigrants. Interviews with Indian dairy workers and their families shed light on the daily working conditions in this industry, how Indians view their work, and the impact that their work has on their wives and children. The final two sections are devoted to local views of the Indian presence in the dairy industry, with both union and Italian press perspectives offered. The paper concludes by arguing that this quiet immigrant success story is an example of a ´win-win´ employment situation for both the Italian economy and Indian migrants.; CARIM-India is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.; CARIM-India: Developing a knowledge base for policymaking on India-EU migration

We model the milk and dairy industry in California focusing on the production, processing, and distribution of bulk milk at the county level. We analyze the sensitivity of this industry when faced with worst-case disruption, where a "worst-case" disruption corresponds to the greatest shortage of milk supply throughout California. The major highways in California are used to connect all of the counties and illustrate where the bulk milk is moving. We utilize Attacker-Defender (AD) modeling techniques to determine where worst-case disruptions occur. This reveals vulnerabilities within the milk and dairy industry. We examine three specific scenarios: (1) a quarantine of each county due to a Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak or any other event that would cause the complete stoppage of production, processing, and movement of milk in a county over a seven day period, (2) 1 to 15 attacks on the milk and dairy industry in a 45 day time period, and (3) the isolation of Northern and Southern California over a seven day time period that could be caused by a natural disaster.

This research deals with the investigation of electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of wastewater from a dairy plant using aluminum electrodes. Electrolysis time, pH, current density and distance between electrodes were considered to assess the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS) and their fractions and turbidity. Samples were collected from the effluent of a dairy plant using a sampling methodology proportional to the flow. The treatments were applied according to design factorial of half fraction with two levels of treatments and 3 repetitions at the central point. The optimization of parameters for treating dairy industry effluent by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes showed that electric current application for 21 minutes, an initial sample pH near 5.0 and a current density of 61.6A m-2 resulted in a significant reduction in COD by 57%; removal of turbidity by 99%, removal of total suspended solids by 92% and volatile suspended solids by 97%; and a final treated effluent pH of approximately 10. Optimum operating condition was used for cost calculations show that operating cost is approximately 3.48R$ m-3.

Although the Australian dairy industry has performed well it has also faced considerable pressure over the past twenty years. A decline in the terms of trade and major structural change has provided added incentives for the industry to improve productivity. This paper constructs Tornqvist index values to measure and analyse movements in inputs, outputs, total factor productivity (TFP) and the terms of trade for the dairy industry as a whole and for each state over the years 1979 to 1999. Overall, there is clear evidence of a significant increase in the TFP index in the 1990s relative to the 1980s. However, in terms of fitted annual growth rates, there is also evidence of a productivity ‘slow down’ in the 1990s, with the principal exception of New South Wales. Average annual growth in dairy total factor productivity in Australia over the entire twenty-year period is 1.5 per cent, but decreases from 1.8 per cent in the first to 0.9 per cent in the second decade. In Victoria, the largest dairy producer, the growth in TFP in the second decade of the study is virtually zero, with poor weather conditions in the second half of the decade partly to blame. Much of the impressive growth in dairy output in the 1990s can thus be simply attributed to a growth in inputs. Index values for the terms of trade...

From I July, 2012, approximately 500 of Australia's largest polluters will be required to pay for their emissions under a carbon pricing scheme. Due to its comparative high rate of electricity use, the Australian dairy industry is expected to be impacted to a greater extent than any other agricultural sector. Although on-farm agricultural emissions are excluded from the scheme, dairy farmers will be impacted through higher input costs and lower prices received for their farm products. Dairy processors will also be subjected to increased input costs and direct taxation under the carbon price. The majority of these costs are expected to be passed back onto farmers, and will have a direct impact on dairy farm profitability. Consequently, the dairy industry is concerned that the introduction of a carbon price will impact the industry's profitability and international competitiveness. This report finds that the economic value of farm production will be reduced under a carbon price in the short-term. The economic value of the average dairy farm will decrease by between $2,920 and $4,200 in 2012/13, and by between $3,210 and $4,580 in 2014/15. Compared to total on-farm costs, the impact of the carbon price seems less significant, although it is not within the scope of this report to conclude whether farmers will be able to bear these additional costs. However...

This report is a window into a larger initiative, the jobs and prosperity: building Zambia's Competitiveness (JPC) program. The JPC program is a 'joint venture' between the governments of the Republic of Zambia, the Zambian private sector, the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), the African development bank group and the World Bank Group. As such, the report represents the collective efforts of many people who engaged in this work at different stages in the process. This report is part of a series produced by the World Bank's Africa Finance and Private Sector Development Unit (AFTFP). This report explores the potential contribution that the beef and dairy industries could make to jobs and prosperity in Zambia, and what it will take to achieve this potential. The Zambian government has been looking to increase growth and job creation, and the prosperity resulting from them, by developing a more competitive and diversified economy. This report explores the potential contribution that the beef and dairy industries could make to the government's ambition and sets out what it will take for the industries to achieve their potential. Two main factors provide Zambia with large potential for developing its beef and dairy industries: the country could sustain more than double its current population of cattle; the demand for beef and dairy products in the domestic and regional markets is likely to increase significantly. However...

Por meio das mudanças de paradigmas relacionados à gestão ambiental e elevação dos custos de lançamento de efluente, captação e tratamento de água, as indústrias passam por processos de inovação que resultam em melhor utilização dos recursos e maior diminuição dos custos. Além disso, as empresas estão sujeitas a maiores exigências quanto à legislação ambiental vigente impulsionando-as a implantar sistemas de reúso de efluentes. Apesar de representar uma importante atividade econômica, a indústria de laticínios é responsável pela geração de efluentes líquidos com alto potencial poluidor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a redução de contaminantes e melhoria da biodegradabilidade de efluentes de laticínios utilizando tratamentos combinados, em destaque, coagulação/floculação, processos com membranas e oxidação/redução química fotocatalítica. Os efluentes foram provenientes de uma indústria da região, oriundos da etapa de nanofiltração do soro ultrafiltrado. Eles foram divididos em duas correntes, denominadas de concentrado de nanofiltração (corrente 1) e permeado de nanofiltração (corrente 2). Para o tratamento da corrente 1 foi proposto inicialmente coagulação/floculação utilizando diferentes agentes coagulantes naturais (quitosana...

Esta investigación pretende a partir de un estudio de la estructura, comportamiento y cadena de valor del sector lácteo colombiano, identificar las dinámicas, características y variables claves para transformar el modelo actual bajo el cual se desarrollan sus actividades y lograr que éste se convierta en un sector competitivo a nivel internacional. Para ello, se realizará un diagnóstico de dos países líderes mundiales en producción y exportación de lácteos, a partir de los cuales se pretende hacer una identificación de las mejores prácticas que los han llevado a obtener tal liderazgo y estudiar su adaptación al caso colombiano. Finalmente, se identificará el problema central que ha impedido al sector alcanzar los niveles de importancia de los principales jugadores en el mercado mundial y mediante la metodología del marco lógico se establecerá la agenda estratégica que llevará al sector a ser un sector de clase mundial.; Centro de Estudios Empresariales para la Perdurabilidad; This document is intended to identify the dynamics, characteristics, and key factors as seen from the study of the structure, behavior and value chain of the Colombian dairy industry. This study will enable the transformation of the industry´s current model and will empower it to become a competitive one on the international level. To accomplish that...

The dairy industry is the most important economic sector of Puerto Rico’s Agriculture. Statistics indicate that during the 2010-2011 fiscal year it had a gross income of $235.1 MM, corresponding to a total of 29.8% of the total agriculture market. It employees some 25,000 people and supports other businesses such as cheese, hay sale and meat production. The industry is upheld by the dairy cattle ranchers, many of which are family-owned businesses. A threat to the industry was declared by the Departamento de Transportación y Obras Públicas (DTOP) when in 2010 it re-issued its intent to construct a road through areas on the northwest of the island. These areas are known for being the island’s top milk-producers. The objective of this Masters Project was to identify the expected impacts the road construction can have on the dairy cattle industry. This objective is pursued by understanding the current state of the industry, review DTOP’s stated need for construction, evaluate direct and indirect impacts to the industry, and review interviews to stakeholders provided by “Transecto Socio-Ecologico del Karso Norteño”. The result of the research leads to an industry whose production volumes, pasture areas, and amount of farms are already in decline. Stakeholders interviewed by Transecto foresee an industry weakened by parcel segregation that would make them impracticable for cattle grazing. As a result many milking facilities and ranches may have to close. For an industry in decline and with many operational complications...

The objective of this paper was to identify and to analyze the performance the strategic groups of cooperatives in the dairy industry in Brazil. The study was based in the approach of strategic groups and in the conceptual bases of efficiency. After the definition of the efficiency scores for the Data Envelopment Analysis, the cluster analysis was used to define the strategic groups. The results pointed out the limited efficiency of the cooperatives and they made possible to build four strategic groupings: scale and differentiation, bargain, niche and village. Considering the best performance of the scale and differentiation, and bargain cooperatives, it is possible to conclude that the efficiency is more strongly associated to the vectors of strategic positioning and to the production scale.; El objetivo en este trabajo fue identificar y analizar el desempeño de grupos estratégicos de cooperativas en la industria de productos lácteos en Brasil. El estudio se basó en la teoría de grupos estratégicos y en las bases conceptuales de la eficacia. Después de la definición de los escores de eficacia por el análisis envolvente de datos, se empleó el análisis de cluster para determinar los grupos estratégicos. Los resultados señalaron la eficacia limitada de las cooperativas y permitieron construir cuatro grupos estratégicos: escala y diferenciación...

Milk production in South Africa comes under pressure periodically as a result of market forces, but can dairy producers effectively respond to these market forces? During these periods a large number of dairy cows are slaughtered and their numbers decrease. As the average productive life of dairy cows is 2.3 lactations, their numbers cannot be increased easily if market forces change. This paper demonstrates that the national dairy herd can only increase by 1 - 3% per life cycle through normal population growth. Short-term financial issues influencing the milk price or input costs can thus have a drastic and long-term effect on the population dynamics of the national herd. The low surplus numbers imply that selection pressure from the female side is almost non-existent. This raises the question as to whether South Africa breeds of dairy cattle are adapted to local conditions especially as large quantities of semen are imported. The low participation of only 24% in official milk recording is of concern as the performance of cows in milk recording is substantially better, viz. the difference between cows in milk recording and those that are not, as far as the productive herd life is concerned, is an improvement of 43%, and in milk production 81%. World-wide agricultural production is increasingly practiced in a systems relationship. The South African dairy industry must realize how interdependent they are and begins to think in terms of a systems approach.