peer-reviewed; The study of history is a well established discipline. For over sixty years teachers and students of history have been served by Irish Historical Studies which has set the standard for most professional writing of history in Ireland. In recent years historians have opted to answer new needs by publishing new publications such as the Irish Economic and Social History Journal and History Ireland. Irish universities too, have a well earned reputation in fostering historical analysis and scholarship. The University of Limerick History Society, established in 1997, devoted itself to promoting the study of history within the University. With the active support of Dr. Bernadette Whelan and the history faculty the Society grew to become one of the most active groups on campus. At its foundation, members of the History Society adopted the idea of producing a journal dedicated to publishing both undergraduate and postgraduate work. In conjunction with this. members of the Society thought it appropriate to publish the papers presented at their meetings. This first volume of History Studies contains papers presented to the History Society, including those delivered as part of the Holocaust Forum which took place in November-December 1997. With the support of the history faculty and the financial support of generous benefactors within the University...

peer-reviewed; The publication of History Studies volume 3 marks the beginning of a new period. The involvement of founder-editors David A. Fleming and Edward Horgan has come to an end. Both have done a magnificent job in establishing History Studies. On behalf of the History Societv of the University of Limerick we, the new editor, thank David and Edward for their work, They have made it easy for us to continue and expand History Studies. The variety and quality of topics tackled by the authors, shows that the study of history is alive and well in Ireland at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. The articles presented here deal with a variety of issues such as education, medical history, and the First World War. This gives hope for future volumes of History Studies in which we plan to broaden the range of topics even further. We hope that readers will gain as much pleasure from reading the articles as we did editing them, Andreas Hüther Sarah Power

peer-reviewed; It is with great pleasure that the editors present volume four of History Studies. It is hoped that the reader finds this volume a worthy successor to the preceeding volumes, these provide the foundations upon which we have sought to build. This journal represents a vital and in many respects a unique link between the University of Limerick History Society, Department of History and the broader university communities. The key function of this publication is to act as a gateway, providing an opportunity to young scholars to publish portions of their work. It also contributes to what is an impressive profile of historical publishing within the University of Limerick student community. As editors we were constantly humbled by the breadth and depth of the subjects tackled by the authors. It was our intention to provide as free a canvass as possible, to allow the contributors to explore their topics as they wished. This approach was pursued with the intenlion of creating a collection of pieces, that as well as supplying the reader with information, was also lively and entenaining. The greatest joy for us was when assembling the final document, the thematic interrelationships revealed themselves. It is our hope that History Studies is a much a joy to read as it was to edit. Declan Jackson John Maguire

peer-reviewed; It is with great pleasure that the editors present volume five of History Studies, the journal of the History Society of the University of Limerick. It is our opinion that this volume marks a watershed in the life of this journal. The strength and quality of the articles is selfevident. In this volume we are delighted to publish work from contributors across a broad spectrum of academia; encompassing undergraduate, masters and doctoral levels. At the risk of striking an arrogant note, the articles contained within volume five have reached new heights in respect of diversity, content and writing style. The editing of this volume was both rewarding and entertaining. To our contributors we are most grateful for their insight and generosity. It is our hope that brave young scholars will continue to contribute to our journal. Without them we would not be writing this editorial. Bravo! Declan Jackson John Maguire ]ennifer Moore

peer-reviewed; I am pleased to present a diverse set of essays in volume twelve of History Studies. The high number of submissions shows the abundance of postgraduate history researchers working at this time. Many exceptional essays were rejected wholly on the basis of a lack of space. The essays in this journal are from contributors across Britain and Ireland, encompassing a wide range of topics. From 13th century warfare to political violence in Cork in the first decade of the 20th century, various political themes are also evident spanning a number of countries. The diversity of submissions shows the strength of postgraduate research withthin the universities on these islands. Paul Hayes

This history of Samoa breaks new ground in using largely neglected Samoan and German language sources. The history examines the relationship between spiritual and temporal power in Samoa and concentrates on Samoan motivations and Samoans themselves. The narrative focuses most particularly on the aitu Nafanua - a powerful female ancestor god whose will and suggestions, received through her spirit mediums, enabled the family she speaks through to take action and bring about changes in the Malo or Government. She acts not only as harbinger of change, but also spiritually legitimizes changes in the Samoan polity...; Yes

Singapore became an independent state on 9 August 1965, six months after United States forces landed in Vietnam in March 1965. As part of an effort to contain the influence of the Soviet Union and People’s Republic of China in Southeast Asia, Washington deployed a strategy that encompassed political, economic and defence engagements with non-communist countries in the region. Because of its strategic location and significant population of overseas Chinese, Singapore became a key country in Washington’s policy towards Southeast Asia. Between 1965 and 1975, Washington aimed to maintain its access to Singapore’s naval dockyards and to keep the island state’s economy viable, so as to limit the risk of communist subversion in Singapore. The Singapore government’s objectives were to preserve its legitimacy to govern by developing Singapore’s economy and boosting its security during the Cold War. In order to gain international recognition of its independence after separation from Malaysia, the Singapore government decided to join the Non-aligned Movement and maintained an image of neutralism in the bipolar conflict between the US and the USSR. After a rocky start in the US-Singapore relationship in late 1965, America’s relations with Singapore improved in 1966. Nevertheless...

Singapore became an independent state on 9 August 1965, six months after United States forces landed in Vietnam in March 1965. As part of an effort to contain the influence of the Soviet Union and People’s Republic of China in Southeast Asia, Washington deployed a strategy that encompassed political, economic and defence engagements with non-communist countries in the region. Because of its strategic location and significant population of overseas Chinese, Singapore became a key country in Washington’s policy towards Southeast Asia. Between 1965 and 1975, Washington aimed to maintain its access to Singapore’s naval dockyards and to keep the island state’s economy viable, so as to limit the risk of communist subversion in Singapore. The Singapore government’s objectives were to preserve its legitimacy to govern by developing Singapore’s economy and boosting its security during the Cold War. In order to gain international recognition of its independence after separation from Malaysia, the Singapore government decided to join the Non-aligned Movement and maintained an image of neutralism in the bipolar conflict between the US and the USSR. After a rocky start in the US-Singapore relationship in late 1965, America’s relations with Singapore improved in 1966. Nevertheless...

History comes in many forms, from the school textbook to the lengthy and detailed doctoral dissertation, the densely written article in a specialist journal, or the small local history. It can be a memoir, a biography, or an article in a newsletter. Last year, we together wrote a book intended to be of assistance to all those who want to write as well as read history. We thought of history as a form of literature, with its own particular rules and protocols. Our idea was that an understanding of the literary, as well as the scholarly, nature of history could help us all write better and more engaging history.

The ordinary stories of ordinary Aboriginal people are a necessary part of Australian history. Yet museums throughout Australia, and in particular the National Museum of Australia, which are charged with the task of telling these stories, struggle to find appropriate material means to do so: the history which shaped Australian museum collections and the history which shaped contemporary Aboriginal communities do not neatly converge. This research reflects on both. The structure of this thesis is fashioned around three distinct voices. The first of these is my own where I give an account of my engagement with the Ngarigo community from the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales into whose contemporary reality and history I am drawn. This reflexive narrative also provides the means for consideration of the complex and sometimes confronting research process as it unfolds in the field. Stories rather than objects were central to the interests of the community participants and it was a story, or rather a series of stories, which I felt would best serve the thorny conjunction of politics, history and representation at the core of this project. Story is also the central method in the second voice of this work, that of the historical narrative. Here the plot centres not so much on reflection as on reconstruction of a Ngarigo family history. It is this voice that provides a powerful juxtaposition between the reality of lived lives and the constructions of Aboriginality emanating from both the academy and from within institutions of popular culture such as museums. The third voice of the thesis offers an analytical examination of the ideas underpinning the conceptual and historical elements out of which a museum is constructed. In this way I explore how the processes which have constituted the museum might be re-configured to accommodate the particularities of Aboriginal social history.; Supervisor: Ann McGrath Supervisor's Email Address: ann.mcgrath@anu.edu.au; Yes

peer-reviewed; Building on the success of History Studies. volume one, we are happy to introduce this second volume of history containing the work of students from around Ireland. The collection presents the work of both undergraduate and postrgraduatc students on a range of topics and themes. The collection is enriched by the inclusion of a paper read to the 'Vikings' Symposium hosted by University of Limerick History Society in April 2000. While the essays vary in both style and content, all portray the author's perspective on a particular historical theme. This may sometimes lead the reader to question the arguments and reasoning of the author. This is to be encouraged. Indeed, in selecting these essays, we hope that readers will be infused with a sense of critical analysis which may prompt some to wrIte papers for subsequent volumes, in response to the views stated herein. The long-term success of History Studies rests less with the editors than with those who dare to submit their views of history to the scrutiny of publication. We wish to acknowlege the valuable support and advice given to us by members of the history faculty at the University of Limerick and our generous benefactors. Finally, we thank the authors. We hope that the reader will enjoy this collection and that pleasure and knowledge can be gleaned from it. David A. Fleming Edward Horgan

peer-reviewed; History Studies, in its sixth edition, has continued to attract an eclectic selection of studies, reflective of the research being conducted in Irish institutions and the field of Irish history. The contributions to this publication represent post-doctoral and doctoral research both in its nascent and concluding stages. Volume six has, for the first time, incorporated reviews of recent additions to Irish historiography. The reviews were chosen to emphasise some of the emerging new themes within Irish historical scholarship. The range of Irish historiography has expanded greatly in the last decade and the present state of research is deemed to he healthy. However, the experience of post-graduate students in particular, suggests that the services available to researchers in this country have not evolved in tandem with this development. The repositories of historical sources in Ireland are under funded and are struggling to fulfil their function. Archival institutions are often understaffed, with many holdings inappropriately housed and uncatalogued. Limited opening hours are a further impediment to research, and prove especially problematic for scholars hased outside of Dublin and those working in provincial archives. Access to catalogued sources is often frustratingly inconsistent. Archaic cataloguing practices unnesessarily protract the retrieval of source material. There is an urgent need to embrace new technological developments. Specifically...

peer-reviewed; The quality and diversity of the contributions to volume seven of History Studies is indicative of the niche which the journal has established in the field of academic publishing as the sole post-graduate produced history periodical in Ireland. The broad compass of historical research being conducted at undergraduate, post-graduate and post-doctoral levels is reflected in the content of this volume. Last year, volume six marked a new and highly successful departure for History Studies with the introduction of a book review section and the establishment of an annual forum. This edition consolidates these developments as well as expanding the scope of the journal to incorporate an archival profile of Special Collections at the University of Limerick. It is envisaged that this will become a standard feature of future editions. The History Studies forum has taken its lead from progressive independent initiatives such as the annual Irish History Students' Association Conference and the Irish Historical Society post graduate seminar, which provide a medium for postgraduate interaction. A series of student-led collaborative inter-university conferences have also proved to be successful in establishing research links and awareness between post-graduate students. On the publishing front...

peer-reviewed; With the publication of History Studies volume eight the editors are pleased to present an interesting and diverse array of articles. The nine contributions that have been selected for publication in this volume are the result uf a call-for papers that was circulated to over one hundred centres around the world in the spring of 2007. This led to an unprecedented response with high-quality articles received from researchers in several continents. The high number of submissions from within Ireland demonstrates the abundance of postgraduate history researchers working in the country's academic institutions at this time. This brought about the inevitable difficult decisions for the editors in having to reject many exceptional contributions wholly on the basis of a lack of space. Over the past eight years History Studies has played an important role in providing an outlet for the publication of post-graduate historical research. The response to this call-for-papers provides strong evidence for the argument made by the editors of volume seven that there is an ever-increasing need for the post-graduate history research community to respond to its own greatest need by expanding the means through which researchers can disseminate their work. Academic institutions...

peer-reviewed; The editors of History Studies are pleased to present a body of work composed of unique and exciting articles that present a wide scope of historical research. The selected contributions are diverse in nature and deep in scope. and portray the exciting new research that is being undertaken by post-graduate scholars from a wide range of universities. This ninth volume of History Studies continues the tradition of providing a literary channel for outstanding post-graduate historical research. It also has a new visual dimension with the inclusion of seven photographs showing Ireland's heritage. These images work with the articles to press upon the uninformed the importance of history. For in order to understand the present. one must peer deeply into the past. Gavin Wilk JPO'Connor

peer-reviewed; I am pleased to present a diverse series or essays from Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada in volume ten of the History Studies. It has heen difficult to restrict the number or essays to nine as the essays omitted were or a very high standard. Although the essays are arranged in a loose chronological order: commencing with a discussion on the the gravestone of a lonely Roman soldier in Spain, continued through the Middle Ages' expansion or Christianity, passing through early modern European philosophy and nineteenth-century emigration and gender issues and finally ending in Ireland and Shanghai in the post-war period. This collection provides a glimpse into the bewildering range of themes possible under the ever expanding umbrella or history. It is important that postgraduage studies have a forum and I believe that volume ten will spur many more students into offering their work for the editorial gaze of volume eleven. Freyne Corbett

peer-reviewed; I am pleased to present volume eleven of History Studies. This contains nine essays based on the work of postgraduate students in both Irish and British universities. The essays in this volume cover various aspects of Irish, British and American history. Ranging from a defence of Irish 'general history' to a re-evaluation of the 'war of the world's' broadcast in the United States in 1938. The essays presented are as varied as royal succession in medieval England to the role of the IRA in the anti-drugs campaign in I980s Dublin and the 1641 rebellion in Cavan to the conservative revival in England. The range of essays highlights the expanding nature of historical enquiries being pursued by research students in our universities. This in turn will ensure the survival of joumals like tbis one. Paul Hayes

peer-reviewed; We are very pleased to present this year's selection of articles from both Ireland and abroad. These student and early-career contributions reflect the breadth of scholarly engagement with a diversity of historical issues. Articles range from domestic issues such as the vaccination controversy in the early-twentieth century to often giant steps into the 'next big thing' in terms of entertainment media as well as more light-hearted but equally enlightening issues as 'bleeding' statues in conflict-struck Tipperary and the tribulations of a charitable German. Works on the cold war-era; one specific to the sub-Saharan Somali nation and another more broadly but comprehensively on the containment policy as well as population issues, gender and denominationally-specific, from nineteenth-century Bulgaria and inter-war France complete this edition. As in past years, many fine essays could not be included because of lack of space in the printed edition. However, this year we have the added facility of online-publication for two contributions. We hope that this facility will be expanded and maybe eventually completely replace the production of costly hardcopies. This brings us to the establishment of the new History Studies website www.ul.ie/historystudies. For now...

In April 1820,Oersted gave a lecture, at the University of Copenhagen, on the connections between the phenomena of electricity, galvanism and magnetism. During this lecture something happened that put him on a path towards the clarification of his ideas. In July 1820, he published his findings in a paper written in Latin which he sent to various scientists in Europe. This experiment is regarded as being at the origin of the phenomena, and of the theory of electromagnetism. What happened? Some studies in the field of the History of Science and in Science Education provide us with elements to reflect on the matter (Andrade Martins, 1986, 2003, 2007; Heering, 2000; Kipnis, 2005; Jacobsen, 2006; Friedman, 2007; Brain, 2007, Cavicchi, 2008). How is this experiment treated in secondary school textbooks? Today, in Portugal, it is presented in passing and without even naming Oersted. Time acts on ideas, in science education, in a dispersive manner: we loose a great deal of their significance and sometimes we use ideas that were previous to the experiment as if they were a consequence of the same, as we will show. Why is it important, today, to recreate some historical experiments, in the context of science education? At a time where the discussion about the nature of science is very important...

In the vast body of development theoretical knowledge one element has been of a considerable longevity: the abstraction of a Gross Domestic Product to represent a given economic entity. This paper suggests approaching the history of development thinking by travelling with the GDP through this discourse. The GDP has been contested as an indicator of economic development ever since it was first put to use in the 1940s. However, the specific mode of knowledge which is expressed in this abstraction has opened up a quite universally shared frame of reference in which a North-South-Divide became operational. The paper argues that GDP figures have become facts that travel easily across the globe because constant work is being undertaken to uphold the conditions for their mobility. Based on this observation the development endeavour can be located historically in a manifold constellation of the statistical acquisition of economic insight, political utopia, state intervention, the emerging prospect of economic planning in capitalist and noncapitalist systems and the quest for the international standardization of economic knowledge production.