Os mecanismos de instabilidade hidrodinâmica têm um papel importante no processo da transição do escoamento de laminar para turbulento. A análise da instabilidade hidrodinâmica em uma cavidade com tampa deslizante foi realizada através da decomposição em modos globais (biglobal) para avaliar o efeito da compressibilidade neste fenômeno. O escoamento base foi obtido através de simulação numérica direta (DNS). Para tal, foi desenvolvido um código DNS compressível com discretização espacial por diferenças finitas compactas de alta resolução espectral e capacidade de processamento paralelo, com um método de decomposição de domínio que mantém a precisão das diferenças finitas compactas. O escoamento base é usado para montar o problema de autovalor oriundo das equações de Navier-Stokes linearizadas para a perturbação, discretizadas por diferenças finitas explícitas. O uso de diferenças finitas em conjunto com a implementação em matrizes esparsas reduz sensivelmente o uso de memória. Através do algoritmo de Arnoldi, a ordem do problema de autovalor é reduzida e os autovalores de interesse são recuperados. Os resultados indicam o efeito estabilizante da compressibilidade nos modos dominantes da cavidade e revelam modos inerentes ao escoamento compressível...

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo numérico sobre escoamentos incompressíveis, não isotérmicos, bi e tridimensionais nos regimes laminar e turbulento através da Simulação de Grandes Escalas e da utilização do Método de Elementos Finitos. Para tornar isso possível, é implementada a equação da energia e os termos de forças de campo (empuxo) em um algoritmo numérico desenvolvido em FORTRAN, já existente, que simula escoamentos incompressíveis, isotérmicos, tridimensionais, nos regimes laminar e turbulento. O código desenvolvido abrange escoamentos onde as formas básicas de troca térmica ocorrem por difusão e advecção. No que tange a natureza da convecção térmica é possível analisar escoamentos com convecção forçada, mista ou natural. O método numérico empregado é o de elementos finitos (FEM) e a discretização espacial das equações que governam o fenômeno (continuidade, conservação da quantidade de movimento e conservação da energia) é realizada através do método de Galerkin. Para a análise dos termos temporais nos escoamentos transientes aplica-se o esquema temporal explícito de Taylor-Galerkin. O elemento finito utilizado é o hexaedro isoparamétrico de oito nós. É empregado o método da pseudo-compressibilidade com o objetivo de manter os termos derivados da pressão na equação da continuidade...

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS; O objetivo principal deste trabalho é a simulação numérica de escoamentos de fluidos incompressíveis pelo método de elementos finitos baseado em volumes de controle (CVFEM) utilizando a metodologia de simulação das grandes escalas. As equações governantes são filtradas para a simulação das variáveis de grandes escalas e as escalas sub-malhas, que aparecem devido ao processo de filtragem, são modeladas por meio do modelo de viscosidade turbulenta de Smagorinsky. O domínio é discretizado em malha não estruturada formada por elementos finitos triangulares de seis nós e as equações são integradas em volumes de controle formados em torno dos nós dos elementos. O presente código numérico foi validado aplicando-o a alguns problemas-testes e os resultados, comparados com os disponíveis na literatura. Os casos testes foram o escoamento em uma cavidade quadrada induzido pelo movimento da parede superior, e escoamento por convecção natural em uma cavidade quadrada. Os resultados obtidos, no presente trabalho, concordaram com os resultados da literatura.; The main purpose of this work is the numerical simulation of incompressible fluid flows by a control volume finite element method (CVFEM) using the methodology of large-eddy simulation. The domain is discretized using unstructured mesh of six-noded triangular finite elements and the equations are integrated into control volumes around the nodes of the finite elements. The government equations are filtered for simulation of the large scales variables and the sub-grid scales appearing due to the filtering process are modeled through the eddy viscosity model of Smagorinsky. Two-dimensional benchmark problems are solved to validate the numerical code and the results are presented and compared with available results from the literature. The test cases were the lid-driven cavity flow and natural convection flow inside a square cavity. The obtained results...

Tese de doutoramento em Science and Polymer Engineering and Composites; In the profile extrusion, the experience of the die designer is crucial for obtaining good results. In industry, it is quite usual the need of several experimental trials for a specific extrusion die before a balanced flow distribution is obtained. This experimental based trial-and-error procedure is time and money consuming, but, it works, and most of the profile extrusion companies rely on such method. However, the competition is forcing the industry to look for more effective procedures and the design of profile extrusion dies is not an exception. For this purpose, computer aided design seems to be a good route. Nowadays, the available computational rheology numerical codes allow the simulation of complex fluid flows. This permits the die designer to evaluate and to optimize the flow channel, without the need to have a physical die and to perform real extrusion trials. In this work, a finite volume based numerical code was developed, for the simulation of non-Newtonian (inelastic) fluid and non-isothermal flows using unstructured meshes. The developed code is able to model the forming and cooling stages of profile extrusion, and can be used to aid the design of forming tools used in the production of complex profiles. For the code verification three benchmark problems were tested: flow between parallel plates...

In this work, computer simulation results of steady incompressible flow in a 2-D square lid-driven cavity up to Reynolds number (Re) 65000 are presented and compared with those of earlier studies. The governing flow equations are solved by using the finite volume approach. Quadratic upstream interpolation for convective kinematics (QUICK) is used for the approximation of the convective terms in the flow equations. In the implementation of QUICK, the deferred correction technique is adopted. A non-uniform staggered grid arrangement of 768x768 is employed to discretize the flow geometry. Algebraic forms of the coupled flow equations are then solved through the iterative SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equation) algorithm. The outlined computational methodology allows one to meet the main objective of this work, which is to address the computational convergence and wiggled flow problems encountered at high Reynolds and Peclet (Pe) numbers. Furthermore, after Re > 25000 additional vortexes appear at the bottom left and right corners that have not been observed in earlier studies.

In the present work, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is applied for simulating flow in a three-dimensional lid driven cubic and deep cavities. The developed code is first validated by simulating flow in a cubic lid driven cavity at 1000 and 12000 Reynolds numbers following which we study the effect of cavity depth on the steady-oscillatory transition Reynolds number in cavities with depth aspect ratio equal to 1, 2 and 3. Turbulence modeling is performed through large eddy simulation (LES) using the classical Smagorinsky sub-grid scale model to arrive at an optimum mesh size for all the simulations. The simulation results indicate that the first Hopf bifurcation Reynolds number correlates negatively with the cavity depth which is consistent with the observations from two-dimensional deep cavity flow data available in the literature. Cubic cavity displays a steady flow field up to a Reynolds number of 2100, a delayed anti-symmetry breaking oscillatory field at a Reynolds number of 2300, which further gets restored to a symmetry preserving oscillatory flow field at 2350. Deep cavities on the other hand only attain an anti-symmetry breaking flow field from a steady flow field upon increase of the Reynolds number in the range explored. As the present work involved performing a set of time-dependent calculations for several Reynolds numbers and cavity depths...

This study presents the LES (large eddy simulation) of forced convection in laminar and two dimensional turbulent flows when the flow reaches the steady state. The main purpose is the evaluation of a developed numerical methodology for the simulation of forced convection flows at various Reynolds numbers (100 ≤ ReH ≤ 10,000) and for a fixed Prandtl number (Pr = 1.0). The hexahedral eight-node FEM (finite element method) with an explicit Taylor-Galerkin scheme is used to obtain the numerical solutions of the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy. The Smagorinsky model is employed for the sub-grid treatment. The time-averaged velocity and temperature profiles are compared with results of literature and a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) package based on finite volume method, leading to a highest deviation of nearly 6%. Moreover, characteristics of the forced convection flows are properly obtained, e.g., the effect of the Reynolds number over the multiplicity of scales.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP); This paper studies the effect of compressibility on the linear stability of a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow in the subsonic regime. The base flow is generated by high fidelity direct numerical simulation and a biglobal mode instability analysis is carried out by a matrix forming approach. The eigenvalue problem is discretized by high-order finite differences and Arnoldi algorithm is used to reduce the size of the problem. The solution procedure uses sparse matrix techniques. Influence of Mach number on the modes known from incompressible calculations is presented, showing that compressibility has a stabilizing effect. New modes that appear only for compressible flows are presented and their relationship with duct acoustics is investigated.

A maioria dos líquidos encontrados na natureza são não-Newtonianos e o estudo do seu comportamento tem uma importância significante em diferentes áreas da engenharia. Entre eles, uma larga classe de materiais que exibem pequena ou nenhuma deformação quando sujeitos a um nível de tensões inferiores a uma tensão limite de escoamento – chamado de comportamento viscoplástico. A presente Dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo numérico de escoamentos bidimensionais em regime permanente de fluidos viscoplásticos não-lineares em uma cavidade forçada. O modelo mecânico é definido pelas equações de conservação de massa e de balanço de momentum acopladas ao modelo viscoplástico recentemente introduzido por Souza Mendes e Dutra – SMD – e é aproximado por um método de elementos finitos multi-campos estabilizado baseado na metodologia de Galerkin mínimos-quadrados que possui como variáveis primais os campos de tensão-extra, velocidade e pressão. As condições de compatibilidade entre os subespaços de elementos finitos para tensão-extra-velocidade e velocidade-pressão são violadas, permitindo assim a utilização de interpolações de igual ordem. O método estabilizado foi implementado no código de elementos finitos para fluidos não-Newtonianos em desenvolvimento no Laboratório de Mecânica dos Fluidos Aplicada e Computacional (LAMAC) da UFRGS. Em diversos trabalhos encontrados na literatura...

ResumenEl objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de la aplicación del Método de Lattice Boltzmann (LBM) como una herramienta de solución en la dinámica computacional de fluidos. Después de una corta revisión de la teoría básica y utilizando el modelo bidimensional de 9 velocidades (D2Q9), el flujo de Poiseuille es simulado y los resultados son comparados con la solución analítica existente. También, es modelada la cavidad con pared móvil (Lid-driven) y los resultados obtenidos validados con datos existentes (Guía et al.). Las condiciones de frontera para pared estática y pared móvil son revisadas en el primer y segundo modelo, respectivamente. Los resultados indican la eficiencia del LBM para simular flujos de fluido incompresibles y laminares. También, que como efecto de incrementar el número de puntos en el lattice, mejora la convergencia computacional y reduce las oscilaciones espaciales de la solución cerca de puntos geométricamente singulares en el flujo.; AbstractThe aim of this article is to present the results of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) application as computational fluid dynamics solvers. After of short review of the basic theory and using the two-dimensional model with 9 velocities (D2Q9)...

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out to investigate the slip of fluid in the lid driven cavity flow where the no-slip boundary condition causes unphysical stress divergence. The MD results not only show the existence of fluid slip but also verify the validity of the Navier slip boundary condition. To better understand the fluid slip in this problem, a continuum hydrodynamic model has been formulated based upon the MD verification of the Navier boundary condition and the Newtonian stress. Our model has no adjustable parameter because all the material parameters (density, viscosity, and slip length) are directly determined from MD simulations. Steady-state velocity fields from continuum calculations are in quantitative agreement with those from MD simulations, from the molecular-scale structure to the global flow. The main discovery is as follows. In the immediate vicinity of the corners where moving and fixed solid surfaces intersect, there is a core partial-slip region where the slippage is large at the moving solid surface and decays away from the intersection quickly. In particular, the structure of this core region is nearly independent of the system size. On the other hand, for sufficiently large system, an additional partial-slip region appears where the slippage varies as $1/r$ with $r$ denoting the distance from the corner along the moving solid surface. The existence of this wide power-law region is in accordance with the asymptotic $1/r$ variation of stress and the Navier boundary condition.; Comment: 28 pages...

The lattice Boltzmann method with enhanced collisions and rest particles is used to calculate the flow in a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity. The abilitity of this method to compute the velocity and the pressure of an incompressible fluid in a geometry with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions is verified by calculating a test-problem where the analytical solution is known. Different parameter configurations have been tested for Reynolds numbers from $Re=10$ to $Re=2000$. The vortex structure for a more generalized lid-driven cavity problem with a non-uniform top speed has been studied for various acpect ratios.; Comment: post-script-file text without figures. figures can be asked from the Author

In this paper we investigate a subgrid model based on an anisotropic version of the NS-$\alpha$ model using a lid-driven cavity flow at a Reynolds number of 10,000. Previously the NS-$\alpha$ model has only been used numerically in the isotropic form. The subgrid model is developed from the Eulerian-averaged anisotropic equations [Holm, \textit{Physica D}, v.133, pp 215-269, 1999]. It was found that when $\alpha^{2}$ was based on the mesh numerical oscillations developed which manifested themselves in the appearance of streamwise vortices and a `mixing out' of the velocity profile. This is analogous to the Craik-Leibovich mechanism, with the difference being that the oscillations here are not physical but numerical. The problem could be traced back to the discontinuity in $\alpha^{2}$ encountered when $\alpha^{2}=0$ on the endwalls. An alternative definition of $\alpha^{2}$ based on velocity gradients, rather than mesh spacing, is proposed and tested. Using this definition the results with the model shown a significant improvement. The splitting of the downstream wall jet, rms and shear stress profiles are correctly captured a coarse mesh. The model is shown to predict both positive and negative energy transfer in the jet impingement region...

An analytical solution for the flow field of a shear flow over a rectangular cavity containing a second immiscible fluid is derived. While flow of a single-phase fluid over a cavity is a standard case investigated in fluid dynamics, flow over a cavity which is filled with a second immiscible fluid, has received little attention. The flow filed inside the cavity is considered to define a boundary condition for the outer flow which takes the form of a Navier slip condition with locally varying slip length. The slip-length function is determined from the related problem of lid-driven cavity flow. Based on the Stokes equations and complex analysis it is then possible to derive a closed analytical expression for the flow field over the cavity for both the transversal and the longitudinal case. The result is a comparatively simple function, which displays the dependence of the flow field on the cavity geometry and the medium filling the cavity. The analytically computed flow field agrees well with results obtained from a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. The studies presented in this article are of considerable practical relevance, for example for the flow over superhydrophobic surfaces.; Comment: http://journals.cambridge.org

Particle image velocimetry is applied to the lid-driven flow in a cube to validate the numerical prediction of steady - oscillatory transition at lower than ever observed Reynolds number. Experimental results agree with the numerical simulation demonstrating large amplitude oscillatory motion overlaying the base quasi-two-dimensional flow in the mid-plane. A good agreement in the values of critical Reynolds number and frequency of the appearing oscillations, as well as similar spatial distributions of the oscillations amplitude are obtained.; Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Phys. Fluids

Regular perturbation solutions are obtained for the Stokes flow field, the first order effects of inertia on the flow field, and the primary and secondary pressure fields in the circular lid driven cavity. The physical mechanism that causes vortex breakdown exists at small Reynolds number; it is a stagnation of the secondary flow by an adverse pressure gradient. The discontinuity between the rotating lid and the stationary sidewall has negligible influence on the flow field provided that the inertial forcing of the secondary flow is not localized near the boundary discontinuity, and the Reynolds number is small.; Comment: 18 pages, 20 figures, submitted to Physics of Fluids

A transition to unsteadiness of a flow inside a cubic diagonally lid-driven cavity with no-slip boundaries is numerically investigated by a series of direct numerical simulations (DNS) performed on 100^3 and 200^3 stretched grids. It is found that the observed oscillatory instability is setting in via a subcritical symmetry-breaking Hopf bifurcation. The instability evolves on two vortices in a coupled manner. Critical values of Reynolds number Recr=2320 and non-dimensional angular oscillating frequency omegacr=0.249 for transition from steady to oscillatory flow are accurately estimated. Characteristic patterns of the 3D oscillatory flow are presented.

Recent numerical simulations of lid-driven cavity flow of a nematic liquid crystal have found dynamical behavior where topological defects rotate about the center of the fluid vortex induced by the lid motion. By considering a simpler geometry of an infinite system with axisymmetric fluid flow we show that the Ericksen-Leslie nematodynamic equation for the director can be solved exactly. The solution demonstrates that any configuration of defects will be advected by the fluid flow, with the defects rotating about the center of the fluid vortex with the angular velocity of the fluid.; Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures

Large-eddy simulations of the turbulent flow in a lid-driven cubical cavity have been carried out at a Reynolds number of 12000 using spectral element methods. Two distinct subgrid-scales models, namely a dynamic Smagorinsky model and a dynamic mixed model, have been both implemented and used to perform long-lasting simulations required by the relevant time scales of the flow. All filtering levels make use of explicit filters applied in the physical space (on an element-by-element approach) and spectral (modal) spaces. The two subgrid-scales models are validated and compared to available experimental and numerical reference results, showing very good agreement. Specific features of lid-driven cavity flow in the turbulent regime, such as inhomogeneity of turbulence, turbulence production near the downstream corner eddy, small-scales localization and helical properties are investigated and discussed in the large-eddy simulation framework. Time histories of quantities such as the total energy, total turbulent kinetic energy or helicity exhibit different evolutions but only after a relatively long transient period. However, the average values remain extremely close.

The main purpose of this work is the numerical computation of turbulent incompressible fluid flows by a nine-node control volume finite element method (CVFEM) using the methodology of large-eddy simulation.. The domain is discretized using nine nodes finite elements and the equations are integrated into control volumes around the nodes of the finite elements. The Navier?Stokes equations are filtered for simulation of the large scales variables and the sub-grid scales stress appearing due to the filtering process are modeled through the eddy viscosity model of Smagorinsky. The two-dimensional benchmark problem of the lid-driven cavity flow is solved to validate the numerical code and preliminary results for the horizontal and vertical velocity profiles at the centerlines of the cavity and the stream functions are presented and compared with available results from the literature.