"Co-Frobenius" coalgebras were introduced as dualizations of Frobenius algebras. Recently, it was shown in \cite{I} that they admit left-right symmetric characterizations analogue to those of Frobenius algebras: a coalgebra $C$ is co-Frobenius if and only if it is isomorphic to its rational dual. We consider the more general quasi-co-Frobenius (QcF) coalgebras; in the first main result we show that these also admit symmetric characterizations: a coalgebra is QcF if it is weakly isomorphic to its (left, or equivalently right) rational dual $Rat(C^*)$, in the sense that certain coproduct or product powers of these objects are isomorphic. These show that QcF coalgebras can be viewed as generalizations of both co-Frobenius coalgebras and Frobenius algebras. Surprisingly, these turn out to have many applications to fundamental results of Hopf algebras. The equivalent characterizations of Hopf algebras with left (or right) nonzero integrals as left (or right) co-Frobenius, or QcF, or semiperfect or with nonzero rational dual all follow immediately from these results. Also, the celebrated uniqueness of integrals follows at the same time as just another equivalent statement. Moreover, as a by-product of our methods, we observe a short proof for the bijectivity of the antipode of a Hopf algebra with nonzero integral. This gives a purely representation theoretic approach to many of the basic fundamental results in the theory of Hopf algebras.; Comment: New Version...

The purpose of this foundational paper is to introduce various notions and constructions in order to develop the homotopy theory for differential graded operads over any ring. The main new idea is to consider the action of the symmetric groups as part of the defining structure of an operad and not as the underlying category. We introduce a new dual category of higher cooperads, a new higher bar-cobar adjunction with the category of operads, and a new higher notion of homotopy operads, for which we establish the relevant homotopy properties. For instance, the higher bar-cobar construction provides us with a cofibrant replacement functor for operads over any ring. All these constructions are produced conceptually by applying the curved Koszul duality for colored operads. This paper is a first step toward a new Koszul duality theory for operads, where the action of the symmetric groups is properly taken into account.; Comment: 40 pages. Comments are welcome

A brief survey of some basic ideas of the so-called Idempotent Mathematics is presented; an "idempotent" version of the representation theory is discussed. The Idempotent Mathematics can be treated as a result of a dequantization of the traditional mathematics over numerical fields in the limit of the vanishing "imaginary Planck constant"; there is a correspondence, in the spirit of N. Bohr's correspondence principle, between constructions and results in traditional mathematics over the fields of real and complex numbers and similar constructions and results over idempotent semirings. In particular, there is an "idempotent" version of the theory of linear representations of groups. Some basic concepts and results of the "idempotent" representation theory are presented. In the framework of this theory the well-known Legendre transform can be treated as an idempotent version of the traditional Fourier transform. Some unexpected versions of the Engel theorem are given.; Comment: 10 pages

In nature, one observes that a K-theory of an object is defined in two steps. First a "structured" category is associated to the object. Second, a K-theory machine is applied to the latter category to produce an infinite loop space. We develop a general framework that deals with the first step of this process. The K-theory of an object is defined via a category of "locally trivial" objects with respect to a pretopology. We study conditions ensuring an exact structure on such categories. We also consider morphisms in K-theory that such contexts naturally provide. We end by defining various K-theories of schemes and morphisms between them.; Comment: 31 pages

We formulate a refinement of SU(N) Chern-Simons theory on a three-manifold via the refined topological string and the (2,0) theory on N M5 branes. The refined Chern-Simons theory is defined on any three-manifold with a semi-free circle action. We give an explicit solution of the theory, in terms of a one-parameter refinement of the S and T matrices of Chern-Simons theory, related to the theory of Macdonald polynomials. The ordinary and refined Chern-Simons theory are similar in many ways; for example, the Verlinde formula holds in both. We obtain new topological invariants of Seifert three-manifolds and torus knots inside them. We conjecture that the knot invariants we compute are the Poincare polynomials of the sl(n) knot homology theory. The latter includes the Khovanov-Rozansky knot homology, as a special case. The conjecture passes a number of nontrivial checks. We show that, for a large number of torus knots colored with the fundamental representation of SU(N), our knot invariants agree with the Poincare polynomials of Khovanov-Rozansky homology. As a byproduct, we show that our theory on S^3 has a large-N dual which is the refined topological string on X=O(-1)+O(-1)->P^1; this supports the conjecture by Gukov, Schwarz and Vafa relating the spectrum of BPS states on X to sl(n) knot homology. We also provide a matrix model description of some amplitudes of the refined Chern-Simons theory on S^3.; Comment: 73 pages...

After recognizing higher homotopy coherences, algebraic K-theory can be regarded as a functor from stable $\infty$-categories to $\infty$-categories. We establish the stability theoremm which states that the algebraic K-theory of a stable $\infty$-category is actually a stable $\infty$-category itself. This is a generalization of the statement that algebraic K-theory is a functor from spectra to spectra. We then prove a result which provides a simpler interpretation of the algebraic K-theory of ring spectra. In order to do this, we compute the algebraic K-theory of an $\infty$-category of modules, and establish that it is an $\infty$-category of modules itself. This result, known as the multiplicativity theorem, vastly generalizes results obtained by Elmendorf and Mandell. Since the algebraic K-theory of a ring spectrum $R$ is the algebraic K-theory of the $\infty$-category of perfect modules over $R$, this provides a simpler interpretation of the algebraic K-theory of ring spectra. Using this result, we prove an $\infty$-categorical counterpart of the derived Morita context for flat rings, which shows that algebraic K-theory is a homotopy coherent version of Morita theory.; Comment: 12 pages. Any updates to this version of the paper will be available from the author's webpage. Comments are welcome!

The topological significance of the spectral Atiyah-Patodi-Singer eta-invariant is investigated under the parity conditions of P. Gilkey. We show that twice the fractional part of the invariant is computed by the linking pairing in K-theory with the orientation bundle of the manifold. The Pontrjagin duality implies the nondegeneracy of the linking form. An example of a nontrivial fractional part for an even-order operator is presented. This result answers the question of P. Gilkey (1989) concerning the existence of even-order operators on odd-dimensional manifolds with nontrivial fractional part of eta-invariant.; Comment: 24 pages, 1 figure; final version; see http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0001-4346/contents

C. Weibel and Thomason-Trobaugh proved (under some assumptions) that algebraic K-theory with coefficients is A1-homotopy invariant. In this article we generalize this result from schemes to the broad setting of dg categories. Along the way, we extend Bass-Quillen's fundamental theorem as well as Stienstra's foundational work on module structures over the big Witt ring to the setting of dg categories. Among other cases, the above A1-homotopy invariance result can now be applied to sheaves of (not necessarily commutative) dg algebras over stacks. As an application, we compute the algebraic K-theory with coefficients of dg cluster categories using solely the kernel and cokernel of the Coxeter matrix. This leads to a complete computation of the algebraic K-theory with coefficients of the Kleinian singularities parametrized by the simply laced Dynkin diagrams. As a byproduct, we obtain some vanishing and divisibility properties of algebraic K-theory (without coefficients).; Comment: 20 pages. Revised version

We view strict ring spectra as generalized rings. The study of their algebraic K-theory is motivated by its applications to the automorphism groups of compact manifolds. Partial calculations of algebraic K-theory for the sphere spectrum are available at regular primes, but we seek more conceptual answers in terms of localization and descent properties. Calculations for ring spectra related to topological K-theory suggest the existence of a motivic cohomology theory for strictly commutative ring spectra, and we present evidence for arithmetic duality in this theory. To tie motivic cohomology to Galois cohomology we wish to spectrally realize ramified extensions, which is only possible after mild forms of localization. One such mild localization is provided by the theory of logarithmic ring spectra, and we outline recent developments in this area.; Comment: Contribution to the proceedings of the ICM 2014 in Seoul

The question "What is category theory" is approached by focusing on universal mapping properties and adjoint functors. Category theory organizes mathematics using morphisms that transmit structure and determination. Structures of mathematical interest are usually characterized by some universal mapping property so the general thesis is that category theory is about determination through universals. In recent decades, the notion of adjoint functors has moved to center-stage as category theory's primary tool to characterize what is important and universal in mathematics. Hence our focus here is to present a theory of adjoint functors, a theory which shows that all adjunctions arise from the birepresentations of "chimeras" or "heteromorphisms" between the objects of different categories. Since representations provide universal mapping properties, this theory places adjoints within the framework of determination through universals. The conclusion considers some unreasonably effective analogies between these mathematical concepts and some central philosophical themes.; Comment: 58 pages. Forthcoming in: What is Category Theory? Giandomenico Sica ed., Milan: Polimetrica

In this paper we introduce a new approach to determinant functors which allows us to extend Deligne's determinant functors for exact categories to Waldhausen categories, (strongly) triangulated categories, and derivators. We construct universal determinant functors in all cases by original methods which are interesting even for the known cases. Moreover, we show that the target of each universal determinant functor computes the corresponding $K$-theory in dimensions 0 and 1. As applications, we answer open questions by Maltsiniotis and Neeman on the $K$-theory of (strongly) triangulated categories and a question of Grothendieck to Knudsen on determinant functors. We also prove additivity theorems for low-dimensional $K$-theory and obtain generators and (some) relations for various $K_{1}$-groups.; Comment: 73 pages. We have deeply revised the paper to make it more accessible, it contains now explicit examples and computations. We have removed the part on localization, it was correct but we didn't want to make the paper longer and we thought this part was the less interesting one. Nevertheless it will remain here in the arXiv, in version 1. If you need it in your research, please let us know

Let X be a noetherian scheme of finite Krull dimension, having 2 invertible in its ring of regular functions, an ample family of line bundles, and a global bound on the virtual mod-2 cohomological dimensions of its residue fields. We prove that the comparison map from the hermitian K-theory of X to the homotopy fixed points of K-theory under the natural Z/2-action is a 2-adic equivalence in general, and an integral equivalence when X has no formally real residue field. We also show that the comparison map between the higher Grothendieck-Witt (hermitian K-) theory of X and its \'etale version is an isomorphism on homotopy groups in the same range as for the Quillen-Lichtenbaum conjecture in K-theory. Applications compute higher Grothendieck-Witt groups of complex algebraic varieties and rings of 2-integers in number fields, and hence values of Dedekind zeta-functions.; Comment: 17 pages, to appear in Adv. Math

We survey three different ways in which K-theory in all its forms enters quantum field theory. In Part 1 we give a general argument which relates topological field theory in codimension two with twisted K-theory, and we illustrate with some finite models. Part 2 is a review of pfaffians of Dirac operators, anomalies, and the relationship to differential K-theory. Part 3 is a geometric exposition of Dirac charge quantization, which in superstring theories also involves differential K-theory. Parts 2 and 3 are related by the Green-Schwarz anomaly cancellation mechanism. An appendix, joint with Jerry Jenquin, treats the partition function of Rarita-Schwinger fields.; Comment: 56 pages, expanded version of lectures at "Current Developments in Mathematics"

This paper is concerned with the algebraic K-theory of locally convex algebras stabilized by operator ideals, and its comparison with topological K-theory. We show that the obstruction for the comparison map between algebraic and topological K-theory to be an isomorphism is (absolute) algebraic cyclic homology and prove the existence of an 6-term exact sequence. We show that cyclic homology vanishes in the case when J is the ideal of compact operators and L is a Frechet algebra with bounded app. unit. This proves the generalized version of Karoubi's conjecture due to Mariusz Wodzicki and announced in his paper "Algebraic K-theory and functional analysis", First European Congress of Mathematics, Vol. II (Paris, 1992), 485--496, Progr. Math., 120, Birkh\"auser, Basel, 1994. We also consider stabilization with respect to a wider class of operator ideals, called sub-harmonic. We study the algebraic K-theory of the tensor product of a sub-harmonic ideal with an arbitrary complex algebra and prove that the obstruction for the periodicity of algebraic K-theory is again cyclic homology. The main technical tools we use are the diffeotopy invariance theorem of Cuntz and the second author (which we generalize), and the excision theorem for infinitesimal K-theory...

The main theorem in this paper is that the base change functor from a noetherian abelian category to its noetherian polynomial category induces an isomorphism on K-theory. The main theorem implies the well-known fact that A^1-homotopy invariance of K'-theory for noetherian schemes.; Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1104.4240

There are different meanings of foundation of mathematics: philosophical, logical, and mathematical. Here foundations are considered as a theory that provides means (concepts, structures, methods etc.) for the development of whole mathematics. Set theory has been for a long time the most popular foundation. However, it was not been able to win completely over its rivals: logic, the theory of algorithms, and theory of categories. Moreover, practical applications of mathematics and its inner problems caused creation of different generalization of sets: multisets, fuzzy sets, rough sets etc. Thus, we encounter a problem: Is it possible to find the most fundamental structure in mathematics? The situation is similar to the quest of physics for the most fundamental "brick" of nature and for a grand unified theory of nature. It is demonstrated that in contrast to physics, which is still in search for a unified theory, in mathematics such a theory exists. It is the theory of named sets.

We show that variants of the classical reflection functors from quiver representation theory exist in any abstract stable homotopy theory, making them available for example over arbitrary ground rings, for quasi-coherent modules on schemes, in the differential-graded context, in stable homotopy theory as well as in the equivariant, motivic, and parametrized variant thereof. As an application of these equivalences we obtain abstract tilting results for trees valid in all these situations, hence generalizing a result of Happel. The main tools introduced for the construction of these reflection functors are homotopical epimorphisms of small categories and one-point extensions of small categories, both of which are inspired by similar concepts in homological algebra.; Comment: To appear in J. Pure Appl. Algebra, it is a sequel to arXiv:1401.6451 and continues the development of abstract tilting theory. Version 2: various improvements in the presentation. Version 3: a detailed explanation added (in Construction 9.13 and Lemma 9.15) for the key fact that both the branches of Figure 2 lead to the same category

We develop almost ring theory, which is a domain of mathematics somewhere halfway between ring theory and category theory (whence the difficulty of finding appropriate MSC-class numbers). We apply this theory to valuation theory and to p-adic analytic geometry. You should really have a look at the introductions (each chapter has one).; Comment: This is the sixth - and assuredly final - release of "Almost ring theory". It is about 230 page long; it is written in AMSLaTeX and uses XYPic and a few not so standard fonts. Any future corrections (mainly typos, I expect) will be found on my personal web page: http://www.math.u-bordeaux.fr/~ramero/

Homotopy type theory is a new branch of mathematics, based on a recently discovered connection between homotopy theory and type theory, which brings new ideas into the very foundation of mathematics. On the one hand, Voevodsky's subtle and beautiful "univalence axiom" implies that isomorphic structures can be identified. On the other hand, "higher inductive types" provide direct, logical descriptions of some of the basic spaces and constructions of homotopy theory. Both are impossible to capture directly in classical set-theoretic foundations, but when combined in homotopy type theory, they permit an entirely new kind of "logic of homotopy types". This suggests a new conception of foundations of mathematics, with intrinsic homotopical content, an "invariant" conception of the objects of mathematics -- and convenient machine implementations, which can serve as a practical aid to the working mathematician. This book is intended as a first systematic exposition of the basics of the resulting "Univalent Foundations" program, and a collection of examples of this new style of reasoning -- but without requiring the reader to know or learn any formal logic, or to use any computer proof assistant.; Comment: 465 pages. arXiv v1: first-edition-257-g5561b73...

Recall that the definition of the $K$-theory of an object C (e.g., a ring or a space) has the following pattern. One first associates to the object C a category A_C that has a suitable structure (exact, Waldhausen, symmetric monoidal, ...). One then applies to the category A_C a "$K$-theory machine", which provides an infinite loop space that is the $K$-theory K(C) of the object C. We study the first step of this process. What are the kinds of objects to be studied via $K$-theory? Given these types of objects, what structured categories should one associate to an object to obtain $K$-theoretic information about it? And how should the morphisms of these objects interact with this correspondence? We propose a unified, conceptual framework for a number of important examples of objects studied in $K$-theory. The structured categories associated to an object C are typically categories of modules in a monoidal (op-)fibred category. The modules considered are "locally trivial" with respect to a given class of trivial modules and a given Grothendieck topology on the object C's category.; Comment: 176 + xi pages. This monograph is a revised and augmented version of my PhD thesis. The official thesis is available at http://library.epfl.ch/en/theses/?nr=4861