Esta pesquisa teve como foco de estudo os cursos de extensão e especialização realizados pelo Coletivo Educador São Carlos, Araraquara, Jaboticabal e Região (CESCAR). Este coletivo foi constituído no contexto do Programa de Formação de Educadoras/es Ambientais (ProFEA), política pública formulada no âmbito do Departamento de Educação Ambiental do Ministério do Meio Ambiente (DEA/MMA). O ProFEA tem entre os seus principais objetivos fortalecer ações e reflexões realizadas regionalmente por instituições que desenvolvem e/ou apóiam trabalhos na área ambiental, promovendo assim o enraizamento da Educação Ambiental (EA) por meio do estabelecimento de uma rede de coletivos educadoras/es. As perguntas que queremos responder nesta pesquisa, dizem respeito às potencialidades, angústias e dificuldades relacionadas à implementação e repercussão desses cursos, segundo os três eixos metodológicos do ProFEA: Metodologia PAP (Pessoas que Aprendem Participando, Pesquisa-Ação-Participante), Comunidades Interpretativas e de Aprendizagem e Pedagogia da Práxis, segundo a ótica da equipe coordenadora e dos cursistas. Foram utilizados os referenciais metodológicos da abordagem qualitativa; as Narrativas Autobiográficas; o Grupo Focal e...

Este trabalho procura discutir as contribuições de uma comunidade de prática (CoP) na formação continuada de professores de Ciências, para abordar o tema da natureza da ciência (NdC) com a utilização de recursos fílmicos de veiculação comercial. Para isso, foram elaborados dois cursos na modalidade extensão universitária, oferecidos pela Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo e que ocorreram nos dois semestres de 2012, quinzenalmente aos sábados. Os professores participaram nos cursos de forma voluntária. Também há de se destacar que inicialmente não havíamos previsto aplicar dois cursos, no entanto, a pedido dos professores, conforme está documentado nos dados, foi solicitada a criação do segundo curso, aspecto importante e que inclusive reforça o papel das comunidades de prática em processos de formação de professores. Além disso, apontamos que a formação continuada no caso dos professores em serviço poderia inserir tais temas e, portanto, contribuir na compreensão dos professores acerca deste tema. A fonte principal dos dados são as transcrições das aulas e as análises das sequências didáticas produzidas pelos professores. A orientação metodológica, assim como a análise de dados...

There is wide acknowledgement of the need for community engagement in biomedical research, particularly in international settings. Recent debates have described theoretical approaches to identifying situations where this is most critical and potential mechanisms to achieve it. However, there is relatively little published experience of community engagement in practice. A major component of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme is centred on Kilifi District General Hospital and surrounding community of 240,000 local residents. Documented community perceptions of the research centre are generally positive, but many indicate a low understanding of research and therapeutic misconceptions of its activities. As in other settings, these misunderstandings have contributed to concerns and rumours, and potentially undermine ethical aspects of research and local trust in the institution. Through a series of consultative activities, a community engagement strategy has been developed in Kilifi to strengthen mutual understanding between community members and the Centre. One important component is the establishment of a representative local resident network in different geographic locations commonly involved in research...

The importance of communities in strengthening the ethics of international collaborative research is increasingly highlighted, but there has been much debate about the meaning of the term ‘community’ and its specific normative contribution. We argue that ‘community’ is a contingent concept that plays an important normative role in research through the existence of morally significant interplay between notions of community and individuality. We draw on experience of community engagement in rural Kenya to illustrate two aspects of this interplay: (i) that taking individual informed consent seriously involves understanding and addressing the influence of communities in which individuals’ lives are embedded; (ii) that individual participation can generate risks and benefits for communities as part of the wider implications of research. We further argue that the contingent nature of a community means that defining boundaries is generally a normative process itself, with ethical implications. Community engagement supports the enactment of normative roles; building mutual understanding and trust between researchers and community members have been important goals in Kilifi, requiring a broad range of approaches. Ethical dilemmas are continuously generated as part of these engagement activities...

This thesis addresses the relationship between San Diego, California and Tijuana, Mexico. Although these two cities are part of a single landscape and ecology, they are divided, not only by a physical wall, but very different cultural, social, political and economic realities. This thesis is a proposition about exchange. Economic exchange has always been the driving force for interaction between San Diego and Tijuana. Their relationship has operated at a very fundamental level, rooted in a market economy driven by the laws of supply and demand. My goal is to build on this interaction, to exchange beyond the mutual economic interests and to provide a forum for a broadened, more meaningful exchange. Social, cultural and environmental exchange will heighten understanding and mutual respect, and begin to dissipate the psychological barriers that exist between the two sides, serving to better connect the people of this border region. I believe the foremost place for such interaction is the border region, itself. Currently, it is a painfully disconnected, forbidding and blighted region that harshly articulates the uneasy relationship between the two sides. The border marks a physical line of convergence that could begin to celebrate intellectual and social convergence. My proposal offers an east-west solution to this north-south problem. It establishes a new directionality that runs parallel to the border rather than across it. This new corridor uses the landscape to emphasize that which is shared...

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la vie empirique du droit à la santé, à l’échelle locale, dans le contexte de la lutte au VIH au Québec. Ce sujet soulève des questions particulières au Québec en raison de l’absence d’intégration de ce droit, en tant que droit de la personne, au plan interne. En raison de cette situation, cette thèse propose une réflexion qui s’inscrit d’abord dans une analyse plus vaste du droit à la santé en tant que droit international des DESC. Ainsi, après avoir situé la réflexion dans le contexte de l’émergence d’une nouvelle ère des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels à l’échelle globale, l’analyse met en lumière les développements marquants du droit à la santé en droit international et en droit comparé, lesquels tranchent par rapport à l’absence de ce droit, au plan formel, dans les ordres juridiques constitutionnel et quasi constitutionnel. Dans un tel contexte de décalage juridique et alors que de nombreux obstacles à la réalisation du droit à la santé des personnes marginalisées et vulnérables au VIH traduisent de réelles violations des obligations internationales qu’impose le droit à la santé aux autorités gouvernementales, cette thèse nous amène en dehors des cadres prédéterminés...

Fansub consiste à traduire et à sous-titrer les produits médiatiques étrangers tels que des films, des feuilletons ou des animes par des internautes bénévoles. Ce phénomène est aujourd’hui très répandu en Chine. Les amateurs s’organisent en groupes de fansub pour accomplir ce travail en collaboration. Les groupes de fansub se caractérisent par la virtualisation du lieu de travail, l’hétérogénéité des membres, la liberté de participation, la collaboration et la non-commercialité. Leur processus de travail et organisation est aussi particulier. Dans ce mémoire, je me suis intéressée à l’apprentissage des fansubbers, un aspect peu étudié dans la littérature sur le fansub. Le fansub a été abordé sous l’angle d’une communauté de pratiques pour comprendre comment les fansubbers acquièrent de nouvelles connaissances et améliorent leur compétence linguistique en sous-titrant les films de langue étrangère. L’étude est basée sur l’observation participative dans un groupe de fansub chinois-français, Fansub Yueyue. J’ai fait de l’observation participante auprès de ce groupe de fansub pour recueillir des traces du travail et des interactions entre les membres. Dix fansubbers du groupe ont aussi été interrogés. Les analyses ont indiqué que le groupe de fansub démontre les trois caractéristiques essentielles d’une communauté de pratique : l’entreprise commune...

The rise of China and India is one of the most talked about events in recent times. Both facilitate the world's largest populations and have stimulated extraordinary economic growth levels to the extent that they now have a commanding place in the global economy. Accompanying their economic development is a new found sense of political confidence that is manifest in the Asian region and beyond. Both states now enjoy greater involvement in regional and global affairs, taking on more substantial roles within multilateral institutions and participating in humanitarian and security programs. The simultaneous rise of these two giants is unique in global history. This will have significant effects for the region and will impact Australia's foreign policy choices. As Chinese and Indian influence expands, the power balance gradually shifts away from traditional centres of dominance to multiple poles of power which include China and India. This evolving development creates tensions as it remains unclear the type of regional architecture that will emerge and what this will mean for the future of the region. Further, the rise of China and India is challenging strategically and economically. Both states are low cost competitive options for foreign investment and also they now require access to significant amounts of energy resources. This factor is not only confronting because of the effect on global energy prices...

Public diplomacy is normally understood as government's aim to positively influence overseas public opinion regarding its image. However, this essay instead explores public diplomacy through people-to people relationships as a process of engagement and mutual understanding while maintaining governmental objectives as well. The emphasis of Australia's conduct of public diplomacy is explored through two main organizations - Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and National Gallery of Australia - in promoting cultural understanding with China and Japan. The locus on the effect of cultural diplomacy within this research paper is about fostering deeper relations and understanding with two of Australia's prominent Asian neighbours. Australia's geographical position is such that Asia is understood to be an important neighbour in the Asia-Pacific region. As such, the highlight of its relations with Japan and Australia is about the strong ties that the nation and subsequently, the community have fostered throughout many years of co-operations. This people-to-people links through public diplomacy provides a more intimate and nongovernmental intrusive mode of communication to better understand a culture that is so different than that of Australia's Western one. Thus...

Indonesia is Australia's closest neighbour. It is ten times larger by population, with the largest proportion of people professing the Islamic faith in the world. But it is also one of the most diverse and dynamic places in the world with over 17,000 islands and 500 ethno-linguistic groups. Throughout the history of both countries, bilateral relations have had positive and negative tumults. However, in recent times, they have seen excellent government to government cooperation, including on issues of security, trade and environment. Indonesia's proximity makes it one idea holiday destination, and Australia's proximity to Indonesia makes it one attractive place to study. The international student market is one of Australia's largest foreign exports. Of that, Indonesian students make up a large proportion due to the size and proximity of the archipelagic nation. There are approximately 14,000 students studying in Australia at the time of writing, and a large number are the recipients of a scholarship. On the flipside, at any given time, there are a maximum of 100 Australian students studying in Indonesia. This is a steep imbalance, even when accounted for in terms of proportion of population. Therefore, there are two aspects of importance that the Indonesian market plays to Australia. Firstly...

This article synthesizes the views of participants in two roundtables that were convened in Nairobi ( March 2007) and London ( July 2008) to identify key challenges to the prioritization of mental health in Africa and possible solutions. Participants included leading development experts and policy makers from head and country offices of international donors, national directors of mental health for several African countries, key mental health and public health professionals, epidemiologists, and an international nongovernmental organization. The challenges they identified to mainstreaming mental health include lack of understanding of the contribution of mental disorders to morbidity and mortality, competition for limited resources within health reform efforts, poor distribution of interventions and lack of inclusion of mental health among core generic health indicators, lack of economic research evidence, lack of a strategic approach to human resources planning, lack of partnerships with the social development sector, and mental health professionals' need for public health skills to effectively conduct national advocacy. Potential solutions include further investment in economic research, better strategic identification of the levers and entry points for integrating mental health into health sector reform plans...

A intenção deste trabalho pode ser justificada em sua essência: uma experiência em arte-educação. Ele destaca propostas de atividades com metas realistas, mais próximas ao universo do aluno e que possam ser realizadas dentro da sala de aula. Neste sentido, a educação (do) sensível - estimulada pela experiência e observação estreita do nosso cotidiano, a contemplação da natureza e a simbiose com vivências e pesquisas oferecidas pela Cultura Popular - demonstrou ser forte aliada. Os procedimentos foram cruciais para facilitar a aprendizagem conceitual e para despertar o interesse na produção de esculturas nas aulas de artes. O desenvolvimento de obras tridimensionais com os alunos do Ensino Fundamental parecia ser um grande desafio, uma vez que estamos cientes da falta de equipamentos apropriados e espaços adequados para tal prática. A confecção dos bonecos gigantes constituiu a provocação necessária para despertar o interesse dos educandos, e a oficina de artes realizadas no âmbito da Escola CEFI (Centro de Educação e Formação Integrada) facilitou o desenvolvimento do processo. A prática da reciclagem de materiais de uso diário descartados, por meio de obras em assemblage, permitiu não só sensíveis encantos...

Integrating knowledge from across the natural and social sciences is necessary to effectively address societal tradeoffs between human use of biological diversity and its preservation. Collaborative processes can change the ways decision makers think about scientific evidence, enhance levels of mutual trust and credibility, and advance the conservation policy discourse. Canada has responsibility for a large fraction of some major ecosystems, such as boreal forests, Arctic tundra, wetlands, and temperate and Arctic oceans. Stressors to biological diversity within these ecosystems arise from activities of the country's resource-based economy, as well as external drivers of environmental change. Effective management is complicated by incongruence between ecological and political boundaries and conflicting perspectives on social and economic goals. Many knowledge gaps about stressors and their management might be reduced through targeted, timely research. We identify 40 questions that, if addressed or answered, would advance research that has a high probability of supporting development of effective policies and management strategies for species, ecosystems, and ecological processes in Canada. A total of 396 candidate questions drawn from natural and social science disciplines were contributed by individuals with diverse organizational affiliations. These were collaboratively winnowed to 40 by our team of collaborators. The questions emphasize understanding ecosystems...

The engagement between Regional Training Centres (RTCs) and healthcare decision-makers within the context of Applied Health and Nursing Services Research (AHNSR) takes many forms, and is critical to the development of the next generation of researchers. Such engagement supports the concept of linkage and exchange by inculcating in students and healthcare decision-makers alike an understanding of and respect for each other's worlds. This process builds bridges of immense importance to contemporary healthcare. The authors of this paper discuss the rationale for such engagement and describe the varied types of interaction between students and faculty with healthcare decision-makers and organizations. Bridging these two worlds for mutual advantage represents an innovative and highly successful strategy for graduate education in AHNSR. While this effort is not without challenges, the work of each world is relevant and valuable to the other and to the Canadian public.

Schreuder, Yda; For over two decades complex socio-ecological problems such as climate change and deforestation have been analyzed by a broad cross-section of sustainability stakeholders. The resultant accumulation of research has undoubtedly increased societal understanding of the complex social and ecological interdependencies underlying these challenging issues; it has also fueled development of a range of possible interventions. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) tops the list of current policy proposals due to its celebrated problem solving potential. According to the theory of post-sustainable development (Morse, 2008), however, proposed sustainability interventions will fall short of expected deliverables unless they facilitate mutual learning via a process of self-reflective, pluralistic engagement. Post-sustainable development suggests that resolving complex socio-ecological problems requires acknowledging and engaging the plurality of ideas and beliefs which both create unsustainable conditions and which drive the development of sustainability solutions. This research uses an impact assessment meta-analysis of evaluations conducted for select PES initiatives in Costa Rica, Brazil and Ecuador to question the capacity of PES for pluralistic...

The environment has attracted more 'integrative' or 'interdisciplinary' efforts than any other substantive focus, one of which is the diverse and evolving field of environmental history. However, the theory and practice of interdisciplinarity, in environmental history and elsewhere, is unclear and contested ground. In this paper, we explore the nature of interdisciplinary work in environmental history. Drawing on three brief project narratives from environmental history, the paper discusses issues and problems, both intellectual and practical, that face those who seek to move across disciplinary boundaries in environmental history (as most of us do, wittingly or not). We then propose and discuss four 'intersections' that we believe have potential as loci of interdisciplinary engagement: mutual understanding; spatial scale and locale; time and change; and the environment and agency.

Trata-se de abordagem histórica e conceitual do processo de empoderamento, tomando-o como elemento relevante à compreensão das possibilidades e dos limites na promoção da participação social e política. O empoderamento é um termo multifacetado que se apresenta como um processo dinâmico, envolvendo aspectos cognitivos, afetivos e condutuais. Nesse debate, o processo de empoderamento é apresentado a partir de dimensões da vida social em três níveis: psicológica ou individual; grupal ou organizacional; e estrutural ou política. O empoderamento pessoal possibilita a emancipação dos indivíduos, com aumento da autonomia e da liberdade. O nível grupal desencadeia respeito recíproco e apoio mútuo entre os membros do grupo, promovendo o sentimento de pertencimento, práticas solidárias e de reciprocidade. O empoderamento estrutural favorece e viabiliza o engajamento, a corresponsabilização e a participação social na perspectiva da cidadania. Compreende-se, no entanto, que a separação em níveis constitui-se em recurso didático e avaliativo, cujos componentes acontecem de modo interdependente, o que dificulta a separação entre processos e resultados. Os espaços de participação política constituem estruturas mediadoras de processos de empoderamento...

By drawing on the Job Demands and Resources Model, this review article develops a conceptual framework to advance theoretical understanding of the relationship between job-related demands and resources, employee well-being and innovativeness. In conditions characterized by too high levels of demands, employees may suffer from burnout. When job resources are high, they are likely to feel engaged with their work. Burnout in turn can be seen as an inhibitor of innovativeness, and work engagement as an antecedent to innovativeness, mediating the effects of resources and demands at work on innovativeness. We further argue that innovativeness can function as a resource or a demand, depending on how it is managed. In addition to understanding the dual role of innovativeness, the identification of job-specific demands and resources is central to supporting employee well-being and, subsequently, innovativeness. The implications of the proposed conceptual framework for academic researchers and managers are discussed.

Current thinking in major international development agencies construes community-based health insurance (CBHI) as a transitional mechanism to achieving universal coverage for health care in low-income countries. The policy link between CBHI and universal coverage is implicitly determined by the historical experience of mutual health insurance in countries such as Germany and Japan in the 19th century, where the socioeconomic context was dramatically different to that of today’s much less successful schemes. This paper argues that the economic and health system frameworks employed in the analysis of CBHI have not taken into account context-dependent considerations such as goals, values and power. It is proposed that a critical engagement with social capital theories could contribute to our understanding of why CBHI schemes do not appear on course to develop according to the 19th century precedent, achieving significant levels of population coverage in a sustainable way. A framework of social capital and economic development is used to organize and interpret existing evidence and information on CBHI. This process suggests that solidarity, trust, extra-community networks, vertical civil society links and state-society relations at the local level affect the possibility of success of CBHI. To this extent...

Luck egalitarianism is an influential theory of justice that holds that arbitrary distributions of native abilities and social circumstances produce objectionable inequalities between persons, but responsible choices excuse some inequalities. It has recently been strongly criticised by self-described egalitarians. At the same time, however, mutual engagement between feminists and luck egalitarians has been minimal, in contrast to Rawlsian and feminist debates about the application of his theory to gender injustice. My research has two interrelated aims: (1) to contribute to the mainstream critical evaluation of luck egalitarianism by (2) developing an analysis that focuses on the implicit feminist content in those critiques. Luck egalitarians offer different versions of the theory, but these are underpinned by commonalities, including the aim to make distributions reflect agents' responsible choices; the presupposing of particular institutions; and an individualistic ontology that misrepresents the social causes of inequality. The heavy significance luck egalitarianism attaches to choice effectively licenses the traditional sexual division of labour since many agents continue to make choices, in accordance with prevailing social norms...