It is sometimes argued that nations differ in their underlying entrepreneurial spirit. So, in recent years, more researchers started being interested in the analysis of entrepreneurship across countries and regions. Some of the international literature on the subject recognises that regional variation in entrepreneurship is significant and persistent, and often even exceeds national differences. Associated with entrepreneurship comes the concept of innovation. Indeed the seminal work of Schumpeter establishes conceptually the entrepreneur as an innovator. Nowadays the belief that innovation has an important role in the international entrepreneurial activity rate has been theoretical and empirically analysed/tested. Innovation allows the creation of new firms and/or ensures the survival of the existing ones. In both cases, it generates growth. Applying the statistical technique of cluster analysis to a dataset gathered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and that includes, in 2010, 59 countries; this paper intends to group countries into clusters regarding their entrepreneurial activity and the aspirations of national entrepreneurs concerning innovation, business growth and international orientation of their activities. It aims to identify and characterise different international entrepreneurial aspiration profiles. Note...

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar as origens, os fundamentos e as condições favoráveis à disseminação do empreendedorismo no Brasil através de políticas sociais e educacionais e demonstrar como ele foi mitificado com a promessa de compensar os perdedores da globalização, analisando os riscos que isto representa, em particular para os trabalhadores pobres na ampliação de sua vulnerabilidade. Utilizamos como referência deste estudo a década de 1990, período de elevado desemprego e informalidade, resultado da adoção de políticas econômicas neoliberais e que trouxe graves conseqüências para o mercado de trabalho brasileiro, mas que permitiram a criação de um ambiente favorável ao discurso do empreendedorismo, onde diante das discussões sobre desemprego e informalidade no mercado de trabalho, a conversão de trabalhadores empobrecidos em empreendedores, foi apresentado como possibilidade de ajustamento à nova realidade de diminuição de empregos assalariados. Considerando que o empreendedorismo foi concebido no campo teórico da administração de empresas capitalistas, optou-se por utilizar neste estudo a definição de Hisrich; Peters (2004), que abordam o empreendedorismo como um processo individual, de criar algo diferente e com valor...

O presente estudo analisou como a experiência pode ser o alicerce para o ensino de empreendedorismo, de forma que a aprendizagem tenha significado para os jovens graduandos. O ensino de empreendedorismo ainda é muitas vezes apenas focado na abertura de pequenas empresas, tendo o plano de negócios como sua base. Este alicerce utilizou as teorias da aprendizagem experiencial e aprendizagem significativa, conceituando o ensino de empreendedorismo pela articulação de ambas as teorias. Alguns aspectos foram estudados em profundidade e constituíram os objetivos específicos da presente tese: compreender o que deve ser ensinado em empreendedorismo na graduação, elaborar e testar um conjunto de propostas de aulas para a disciplina de empreendedorismo, levantar os estilos de aprendizagem das turmas investigadas e discutir as premissas da aprendizagem experiencial no âmbito do ensino de empreendedorismo. Por ser um tema ainda em construção, trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza exploratória, qualitativa, sendo que a mesma foi desenhada em três fases: na fase 1 realizou-se o levantamento de dados secundários que proporcionou a fundamentação teórica da tese e o desenvolvimento do modelo conceitual; a fase 2 e a fase 3 correspondem à pesquisa empírica...

Apesar de Empreendedorismo e Cultura serem tópicos com extensa literatura na área de estudos de Administração de Empresas, existe relativamente pouca pesquisa na influencia que a Cultura exerce no Empreendedorismo. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a influencia da cultura no índice de fracasso do empreendedorismo. Através de uma abordagem de correlação, utilizando 40 países da database do Hofstede (2001) de trabalhadores da IBM e dados presentes na database do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Os resultados desta análise sugerem que Individualismo VS. Coletivismo é a única dimensão cultural significativa quando se discute os efeitos da cultura no índice de fracasso do Empreendedorismo.; Although entrepreneurship and culture are topics with extensive research on Management Studies, there is still relatively few research on the influence of Culture has on Entrepreneurship. The main objective of this work is to investigate the influence of culture on entrepreneurship rate of failure. Using a correlational approach, 40 countries out of Hofstede (2001) IBM employees database and the Entrepreneurship Data present on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database. The analysis results suggest that the dimension Individualism vs. Collectivism as the only significant cultural dimension when discussing affecting entrepreneurship rate of failure.

Esta tese está situada no contexto das pesquisas que buscam novas idéias, práticas e instrumentos para tratar o empreendedorismo em universidades de pesquisa. O argumento principal da tese é que o ecossistema é uma unidade de referência e uma unidade de análise diferenciada e que pode agregar valor à forma e à qualidade da gestão estratégica do empreendedorismo. Um ecossistema de empreendedorismo da universidade é formado por seus componentes, que configuram uma base de recursos e capacitações que deve ser gerenciada em busca de benefícios para o processo de geração de startups criadas pela universidade. O desenvolvimento do argumento deve produzir uma metodologia de análise de ecossistemas, principal objetivo da tese, orientada por 3 princípios: identificação, interpretação e instrumentalização da análise de ecossistemas. Assim, a tese é dividida em 3 capítulos. Os Capítulos 1 e 2 servem para subsidiar os princípios de identificação e interpretação da análise, enquanto o Capítulo 3 completa os elementos da metodologia de análise e busca as bases para uma aplicação e demonstração inicial da metodologia. O Capítulo 1 sintetiza os elementos de natureza mais ampla que servem para entender os ecossistemas em seus níveis macro...

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais; O objetivo da investigação é caraterizar o empreendedorismo jovem e identificar os fatores que promovem ou limitam a atividade empresarial. Atualmente o desemprego jovem é um aspeto preocupante nas economias desenvolvidas onde o empreendedorismo pode surgir como forma de superar o desemprego. Esta dissertação pode contribuir para discussão de medidas de política de apoio ao empreendedorismo jovem. São estudados os determinantes e obstáculos ao empreendedorismo para dois grupos etários da população: os jovens com 18 a 34 anos e os não jovens com 35 a 80 anos. São analisados diferentes grupos de países (por exemplo União Europeia). A análise empírica é baseada no Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) uma micro base de dados para o período 2001-2008, que inclui 1 362 673 observações individuais (305 816 para o grupo alvo da investigação, os jovens) de 64 países. Depois de uma análise descritiva para traçar o perfil do jovem empresário segundo diferentes aspetos (país, motivação para o empreendedorismo, etc.) são ensaiados diversos modelos e especificações. Porque as variáveis dependentes, correspondendo a diferentes tipos de empreendedorismo (passado, presente e futuro) são dicotómicas (cada indivíduo é ou não empreendedor)...

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Rochester. School of Nursing. Health Practice Research, 2010.; A cross-sectional survey design was employed to explore perceptions of entrepreneurship in nursing (EIN), and the determinants of those perceptions among nurse faculty and nursing students, using constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TpB). The TpB is a behavioral theory in which behavioral intentions (BI) mediate the effects of attitudes (ATT), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC) and self-perceived entrepreneurship knowledge (SPEK) on behavior. The aims of this study were to (a) develop and validate a new instrument—the Perceptions in Entrepreneurship in Nursing (PEN) survey—designed to assess TpB constructs tailored toward nursing entrepreneurship behaviors, (b) develop and test a model predicting entrepreneurship behavioral intentions in nursing, and (c) provide recommendations for curricula pertinent to entrepreneurship education based on the study’s findings. The psychometric properties of the PEN survey were assessed in a pilot study (N=111) prior to conducting the research survey. The regional survey was completed by nurse faculty (n=851) and nursing students (n=488) affiliated with one-hundred and forty (140) CCNE accredited schools of nursing with bachelor degrees or higher from fourteen states in the northeast and south Atlantic regions of the U.S. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the 14 item PEN instrument demonstrated construct validity of the five (5) factors corresponding to the TpB constructs. Cronbach’s alpha for scale reliability were: overall...

This Thesis deals with entrepreneurship on higher education undergraduate programs. The main objective is investigating the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in terms of entrepreneurial attitudes and behavior. The study is done on a University that has an entrepreneurship education program on a Business Management undergraduate program. It is conducted a survey using a questionnaire on the Business Management undergraduate students resulting in a random stratified sample of 264 students. The entrepreneurial attitudes variables used are those found on the entrepreneurship literature. The entrepreneurial behavior variables are typical entrepreneurial situations like a decision on how to apply money and if the student would leave a good job to open his or her own company. It is applied multiple regression, cluster, bivariate and chi-square analysis. The main findings are first that it was not found a strong relationship between the entrepreneurial attitudes variables found on the entrepreneurship literature and the behavior situation proposed, with a multiple regression adjusted r2 = 0,30. Second, there is no statistically significant difference among the students comparing different years of the undergraduate program. Finally...

peer-reviewed; This study is an investigation into the impact of entrepreneurship education in Ireland. It focuses on graduate entrepreneurship education (MBA) and endeavours to assess its impact on graduates’ entrepreneurial behaviour over the long-term. The work has evolved from significant research gaps and vulnerabilities identified within the literature and revolved around the following research question: ‘What influence does entrepreneurship education have on MBA graduates propensity to venture’. In addressing this question, a comprehensive literature review was undertaken. Firstly, various ways of studying and understanding the individual entrepreneur and the term entrepreneurship are explored. Next, a robust review of the entrepreneurship education literature was conducted. This reveals that despite the exponential international growth of the discipline over the last four decades, remarkably little empirical work has been conducted into the impact of courses and on the propensity of graduates to venture. Much of the research that has been conducted to date focuses on a single course or programme and its immediate impact. Furthermore, very few studies use ‘control groups’ which facilitate a comparison of those who have and have not taken entrepreneurship. Analysis of the literature pertaining to the impact of entrepreneurship education has resulted in the development of a conceptual model for the study. This encompasses a national study of MBA graduates in Ireland over the long-term and includes those who have taken entrepreneurship as part of their MBA programme and those who have not. The purpose of this thesis is exploratory in nature as it seeks to indicate and identify meaning within a little-understood situation (entrepreneurship education and graduate entrepreneurial behaviour). The theoretical background to the work resulted in the development of a number of hypotheses and sub-hypotheses. These were tested through a research design that accommodated a combination of both quantitative and qualitative measures (methodological triangulation). The unit of analysis is MBA graduates in Ireland. A mail survey was conducted and the quantitative data from this was supported by face-to-face interviews. The mail survey was distributed to a sample of 550 MBA graduates in Ireland and a valid response rate of 37.8% was achieved. The qualitative study comprises of six face-to-face interviews. The findings from this study indicate that there was no link established between exposure to entrepreneurship education and the consequential entrepreneurial behaviour of participating MBA graduates. This result conforms with other studies which have yielded similar findings. However...

In economies characterized by low labor demand and high rates of youth unemployment, entrepreneurship training has the potential to enable youth to gain skills and create their own jobs. This paper presents experimental evidence on a new entrepreneurship track that provides business training and personalized coaching to university students in Tunisia. Undergraduates in the final year of licence appliquee were given the opportunity to graduate with a business plan instead of following the standard curriculum. This paper relies on randomized assignment of the entrepreneurship track to identify impacts on labor market outcomes one year after graduation. The analysis finds that the entrepreneurship track was effective in increasing self-employment among applicants, but that the effects are small in absolute terms. In addition, the employment rate among participants remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from wage employment to self-employment. The evidence shows that the program fostered business skills...

Entrepreneurship has attracted global interest for its potential to catalyze economic and social development. Research suggesting that certain entrepreneurial mindsets and skills can be learned has given rise to the field of entrepreneurship education and training (EET). Despite the growth of EET, global knowledge about these programs and their impact remains thin. In response, this study surveys the available literature and program evaluations to propose a Conceptual Framework for understanding the EET program landscape. The study finds that EET today consists of a heterogeneous mix of programs that can be broken into two groups: entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship training. These programs target a range of participants: secondary and post-secondary education students, as well as potential and practicing entrepreneurs. The outcomes measured by program evaluations are equally diverse but generally fall under the domains of entrepreneurial mindsets and capabilities, entrepreneurial status, and entrepreneurial performance. The dimensions of EET programs vary according the particular target group. Programs targeting secondary education students focus on the development of foundational skills linked to entrepreneurship...

Along with the accumulation of evidence supporting the role of entrepreneurship in economic development (Acs & Armington, 2006; Kuratko, 2005, Reynolds, 2007), governments have persisted in encouraging people to become entrepreneurs (Acs & Stough, 2008; Brannback & Carsrud, 2008). These efforts have tried to reproduce the conditions under which entrepreneurship emerges. One of these conditions is to develop entrepreneurial skills among students and scientists (Fan & Foo, 2004). Entrepreneurship education within higher education has experienced a remarkable expansion in the last 20 years (Green, 2008). To develop entrepreneurial skills among students, scholars have proposed different teaching approaches. However, no clear relationship has been demonstrated between entrepreneurship education, learning outcomes, and business creation (Hostager & Decker, 1999). Despite policy makers demands for more accountability from educational institutions (Klimoski, 2007) and entrepreneurship instructors demands for consistency about what should be taught and how (Maidment, 2009), the appropriate content for entrepreneurship programs remains under constant discussion (Solomon, 2007). Entrepreneurship education is still in its infancy, professors propose diverse teaching goals and radically different teaching methods. This represents an obstacle to development of foundational and consistent curricula across the board (Cone...

Along with the accumulation of evidence supporting the role of entrepreneurship in economic development (Acs & Armington, 2006; Kuratko, 2005, Reynolds, 2007), governments have persisted in encouraging people to become entrepreneurs (Acs & Stough, 2008; Brannback & Carsrud, 2008). These efforts have tried to reproduce the conditions under which entrepreneurship emerges. One of these conditions is to develop entrepreneurial skills among students and scientists (Fan & Foo, 2004). ^ Entrepreneurship education within higher education has experienced a remarkable expansion in the last 20 years (Green, 2008). To develop entrepreneurial skills among students, scholars have proposed different teaching approaches. However, no clear relationship has been demonstrated between entrepreneurship education, learning outcomes, and business creation (Hostager & Decker, 1999). ^ Despite policy makers demands for more accountability from educational institutions (Klimoski, 2007) and entrepreneurship instructors demands for consistency about what should be taught and how (Maidment, 2009), the appropriate content for entrepreneurship programs remains under constant discussion (Solomon, 2007). Entrepreneurship education is still in its infancy, professors propose diverse teaching goals and radically different teaching methods. This represents an obstacle to development of foundational and consistent curricula across the board (Cone...

Self-employment and entrepreneurship are economic phenomena of significant importance, which are increasingly addressed in the social science research and, on the other hand, in the mass media. Governments all over the world extol its benefits and implement policies designed to promote the venturing activities in their respective countries. There are several reasons for this interest in, and enthusiasm for, entrepreneurship. Owner-managers of small enterprises, for instance, run the majority of businesses in most countries. These enterprises are credited with providing specialised goods and services that are ignored by the largest companies. In addition, they intensify competition, thereby growing economic efficiency. Some entrepreneurs pioneer new markets for innovative products and services, creating job opportunities and enhancing economic growth. But only in a few cases, today’s small owner-managed enterprises do grow to become tomorrow’s industrial giants. Even those that do not may create positive externalities, like the development of supply chain that help attract inward investments, or greater social inclusion. It is often claimed that the decentralisation of economic production into a large number of small firms is good for society and democracy...

Job creation and productivity growth are at the forefront of today's global development agenda. The 2013 world development report on jobs identified entrepreneurship as an important tool in addressing these dual goals. This study uses the entrepreneurship model put forth in the organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicator Program (2009), with minor modifications. The model comprises various determinants that policy can affect and that in turn influence entrepreneurial performance, or the amount and type of entrepreneurship that take place. The model then refers to the impact of entrepreneurship on higher-level goals such as economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction. This study focuses on determining the level of entrepreneurship in Georgia and analyzes the role of each determinant in both fostering and constraining entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs view opportunities in the economy by measuring their profit-making potential; that is their first motivation. Entrepreneurs will not pursue a societal need unless they can successfully make a profit. Entrepreneurship also depends on various social and individual characteristics of gender and culture. It involves taking risks...

World Bank Group management welcomes Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) review of innovation and entrepreneurship. The global financial crisis required developing economies to actively seek new sources of economic growth. Natural resource-intensive economies are pursuing new ways to diversify their productive capacity to build resilience to commodity cycles. Middle-income countries (MICs) are looking for ways to escape the middle-income trap. A number of developmental challenges, from climate adaptation to food security and health, require new, efficient technological solutions adapted to developing countries' needs. In such context, innovation and entrepreneurship are increasingly seen as essential ingredients for economic and social prosperity. The report notes there are limited mechanisms in place to share learning about innovation and entrepreneurship and few formal efforts to improve coordination. However, important initiatives are already under way to foster learning, cross fertilization, and codification of knowledge to support innovation policy. The innovation...

Pesquisas sobre instituições sustentam que estas influenciam a natureza da atividade econômica. A argumentação é que um ambiente institucional favorável, com regras bem definidas, é benéfico ao empreendedorismo. Todavia, a literatura disponível é muito focada no que ocorre nos países desenvolvidos, e sabe-se que a atividade empreendedora também ocorre nos países não desenvolvidos, que costumam ser mais instáveis social e economicamente. A partir de tal dilema, a pergunta de pesquisa do trabalho como um todo foi: Qual a relação entre instituições e empreendedorismo de acordo com o nível de desenvolvimento do país? O objetivo geral foi esclarecer como as características institucionais formais e informais dos países afetam o ingresso e a sobrevivência de empreendedores em diferentes mercados. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: (1) teórica, focando em conhecer a literatura que aborda instituições e empreendedorismo a partir de um estudo bibliométrico com o software CiteSpace e (2) empírica, com o intuito de confirmar que o empreendedorismo dos países desenvolvidos é diferente dos países não desenvolvidos e de apontar quais são algumas das diferenças a partir de dois estudos de caso. Nos estudo teórico encontrou-se que...

Entrepreneurship has been recognized as a source of sustaining basis in fostering innovation, creating opportunities, local sustainability and socio-economic development of a country, since is a transforming process from an innovative idea to an enterprise. Entrepreneurship has been argued as the most effective economic power in the global economics and social history. The Strategic Plan for Development of East Timor from 2011 to 2030 reports that since 2007 only 9% of the population had economic conditions to leave the so-called “poverty line” and that 41% of East Timorese are still classified as poor. Given this diagnosis, the government of East Timor defined the private investment in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as one of the four pillars of the economic framework by 2020. To ensure the growth of the private sector in rural and urban areas, government established a development program with several initiatives such as legislative changes, creation of financial support, and faster process enterprise creation. Being private sector a social priority, and given the limitations of existing employment in East Timor, it is necessary to recognize the individual attitude of entrepreneurship and promote this new dynamic of job creation. Authors believe that universities...

This study investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment, institutional quality, economic freedom, and entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The research compares the capacity and appetite for business creation among high-income, low-income and emerging countries. The results are based on a panel study of data, from 2004 to 2009 for 87 countries, using as its source ???The World Bank Entrepreneurship Snapshots??? to look at the connection between business creation, institutional quality, market freedom and foreign direct investment (FDI). The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between institutional quality and business generation in all three of the above categories. The freedom to create businesses and invest has an impact on business generation in emerging countries, while the influence of international trade appears more important as a spur to the genesis of business in low-income countries. Finally, there is a direct and significant relationship between FDI and business development in emerging countries. This result is consistent with ???the spillover theory of entrepreneurship??? (, and ).

This study aims to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurship indicators published by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), supported by the Total Entrepreneurship Activity (TEA), and the Human Development Index (HDI) of selected countries. The theoretical framework discusses the concepts of entrepreneurship and development specifically from a broader perspective than the purely economic issue. Data from reports of UNDP and IBQP were used to relate these indicators and a Pearson correlation analysis was performed. The result of this study shows that all correlations are negative, thus it is possible to infer that countries considered in the GEM survey are more entrepreneurial. The countries in the GEM survey occupy the first places in the ranking of entrepreneurship, therefore countries with the lowest HDIs were the ones reported with high TEA. This points out to a reflection on the relationship established between development and entrepreneurship and the theoretical framework used to conceptualize entrepreneurship in the relationship established between development and entrepreneurship in the GEM study.; O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a relação entre os indicadores de empreendedorismo divulgados pelo Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) apoiados na Total Entrepreneurship Activity (TEA) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) de países selecionados. No quadro teórico são discutidos os conceitos de empreendedorismo e de desenvolvimento...