A Igreja Ibérica na região da Península Ibérica, durante a Alta Idade Média, tornara-se uma referência para o poder temporal, como já o era para o povo. Embora fosse apoiada pela monarquia visigótica, ainda enfrentava problemas internos de dogma e de situações decorrentes dos conflitos humanos. O expansionismo árabe trouxe para a região ibérica um confronto além de civil, religioso que ameaçava e fragilizava o papel homogêneo que a Igreja desempenhava no território. A convivência entre muçulmanos e cristãos, que estavam subjugados, fez com que a Igreja buscasse respostas para a situação vivida naquele momento, após a invasão muçulmana no território ibérico. Este trabalho de mestrado buscou compreender o discurso elaborado pela Igreja, através do escrito de um de seus membros, que interpretaria a situação de acordo com a perspectiva eclesiástica. Concomitantemente, verificaremos os problemas estruturais concernentes a formação da monarquia visigoda, para analisar o contexto histórico no qual foi produzido o documento utilizado neste trabalho.; The Church in the region of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, become a reference to the laic power, as it was for the people. Although it was backed by the Visigothic monarchy...

Este trabalho verificou como os jornais Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo cobriram assuntos relacionados a árabes e muçulmanos seis meses antes dos atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001 e seis meses depois. Com base no Orientalismo, tese desenvolvida por Edward W. Said, e na Teoria Social do Discurso, de Norman Fairclough, foram analisadas as escolhas lexicais de ambos os jornais em relação aos assuntos que mais apareceram nos dois recortes. O estudo concluiu que dogmas orientalistas se mostraram presentes nos dois períodos e que os jornais naturalizaram discursos hegemônicos, que se colocaram em contraposição aos de árabes e muçulmanos.; This paper analyzed how the newspapers Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo covered issues relating to Arabs and Muslims six months before the September 11, 2001 attacks and six months after. Based on the thesis of Orientalism, developed by Edward W. Said, and on the Social Theory of Discourse by Norman Fairclough, lexical variations from both newspapers were analyzed with regard to the issues that most appeared in the clippings. The paper concluded that Orientalist dogmas were present in both periods and that the newspapers frequently crystalized hegemonic discourse, contrary to Arabs and Muslims ones.

The Arabic-Islamic studies in Portugal reveal some particularities within the European context. The comparison with Spain shows the structural differences that, from its origin in the 18th century, reveal a discontinuity investment in the Arabic language, which never evolved into an independent philological framework. Moreover, the history of Muslims, as an integral part of the Portuguese past only begins to re-inscribe in the discourse of social and human sciences after the 1974 Revolution, in a paradigm shift not yet fully achieved.

In recent years, attempts have been made to incorporate religion into tobacco control efforts, especially in countries like Malaysia and Thailand where religion is central to the lives of people. This paper is a prospective examination of the perceived relevance and role of religion and religious authorities in influencing smoking behaviour among Muslims in Malaysia and Buddhists in Thailand. Data were collected from 1,482 Muslim Malaysian and 1,971 Buddhist Thai adult smokers who completed wave 1 (early 2005) of the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey (ITC-SEA). Respondents were asked about the role of religion and religious leadership on smoking at Wave 1 and among those recontacted, quitting activity at Wave 2. Results revealed that over 90% of both religious groups reported that their religion guides their day-to-day behaviour at least sometimes, but Malaysian Muslims were more likely to report that this was always the case. The majority (79% Muslims and 88% Buddhists) of both groups believed that their religion discourages smoking. About 61% of the Muslims and 58% of the Buddhists reported that their religious leaders had encouraged them to quit before and a minority (30% and 26%, respectively) said they would be an influential source to motivate them to quit. Logistic regression models suggest that these religious factors had a clear independent association with making quitting attempts in both countries and this translated to success for Malaysian Muslims but not for the Thai Buddhists. Taken together...

In recent years, the Islamic finance industry has attracted the attention of policy makers and international donors as a possible channel through which to expand financial inclusion, particularly among Muslim adults. Yet cross-country, demand-side data on actual usage and preference gaps in financial services between Muslims and non-Muslims have been scarce. This paper uses novel data to explore the use of and demand for formal financial services among self-identified Muslim adults. In a sample of more than 65,000 adults from 64 economies (excluding countries where less than 1 percent or more than 99 percent of the sample self-identified as Muslim), the analysis finds that Muslims are significantly less likely than non-Muslims to own a formal account or save at a formal financial institution after controlling for other individual- and country-level characteristics. But the analysis finds no evidence that Muslims are less likely than non-Muslims to report formal or informal borrowing. Finally, in an extended survey of adults in five North African and Middle Eastern countries with relatively nascent Islamic finance industries...

9/11 has affected in ambiguous ways the public perceptions and representations of Muslims and Islam in European Union member-states. A double dynamics started. On the one hand, it created new space for public discussions on the topic. On the other hand, in some cases it ended up by closing down dialogues and partnership between Muslims and public agencies, often justified by the necessity to extend security measures. Relying on this context, this article focuses on the way the issue of discrimination has emerged and is now set out in France, as well as in Germany, in Italy and in Great-Britain. Starting with definitions, the text questions the relevance of the religious criteria to assess the situations of inequality experienced by Muslims. Is there something like a religious discrimination that Muslims would be the victims of? In a second part, the article emphasises the necessity to build up operating categories that could help monitoring discriminations and fighting against it.

This informative collection investigates the European dimension of multiculturalism and immigration. It argues that political theory discourse of multiculturalism and resulting EU policies assume an interpretation of liberalism developed chiefly from the American experience, and that this issue must be addressed as the European experience is entirely different (with the main influx being non-white, ethnic and religious groups challenging liberalism and existing notions of citizenship). Presenting a fresh and unique perspective of multiculturalism and citizenship in Western Europe today, this book offers a comparative series of national case studies by a diverse range of leading scholars that together provide a theoretical framework for the volume as a whole. The contributors investigate the extent to which we can talk about a common Europe-wide multiculturalism debate, or whether here too there is a Europe of two (or more) gears, in which some countries address multicultural claims swiftly whilst others lag behind, busy with more basic issues of immigrant acceptance and integration.; 1. European Challenges to Multicultural Citizenship: Muslims, Secularism and Beyond Anna Triandafyllidou, Tariq Modood, Ricard Zapata-Barrero 2. Multiculturalism...

The publication of the twelve Muhammad caricatures in a Danish newspaper in September 2005 led to the first large scale mobilisation and prolonged intervention in the public debate by Muslims in Denmark. This dissertation provides a description and analysis of the dynamics, characteristics and trajectory of Danish Muslims’ claims-making in response to the publication of the Muhammad caricatures. The thesis focuses on the determinants of Muslim claims-making during a well defined public controversy. As such, it aims to provide answers to the following questions: How were the grievances introduced by the Muhammad caricatures collectivized and turned into Muslim mobilisation? What role did the particular Danish context or Islamic ideas play in this process, and what kind of Islamic actors were active? Following a common assertion in much pub lic discourse about Islam stressing the incompatibility of Muslim claims- making and the political culture of secular democracies, the dissertation also investigates the extent to which the actual form and content of Muslim claims-making during the controversy challenged the principles of the secular public sphere The dissertation pays careful attention to the diversity of Muslim claims- making in the controversy and attempts to explain variance across types of Muslim actors...

This paper analyzes the ‘strategic action field’ (Fligstein and McAdam 2013) evolving in five European countries (and the U.S.) around the inclusion of Muslims into military chaplaincy. The paper shows that cross-national institutional differences in particular with regard to the state-religion relationship have an influence on the accommodation of Muslims in military chaplaincy: countries with a strong focus on equality in their state-religion relationship are more advanced in setting up a Muslim military chaplaincy, whereas countries whose state-religion relationship explicitly allows for the differential treatment of religious groups lag behind, in particular if Muslims are among the groups for whom official cooperation with the state is impossible since they have not acquired the requested legal status. At the same time, the paper shows that organization-specific arguments that push for religious accommodation and equal treatment in the military lead to a convergence of practices across the different European countries. Similar things are ‘at stake’ in the strategic action field that evolves around the inclusion of Muslims into military chaplaincy: the distribution of scarce chaplaincy positions, training and education of chaplains...

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.; Almost twenty million Muslims live in Europe. These Muslims make up diverse ethnic, linguistic, and cultural communities, many of which are struggling to define their role within Europe's secular societies and the role of their religion in this environment. The concept of Euro-Islam is one option to promote a new European form of Islam that helps Muslim citizens and immigrants integrate into Europe's civic and political fabric. This study shows that the concept of Euro-Islam is still under negotiation and diversity across Muslim communities complicates the negotiation process. Conceptions of Euro-Islam vary from a pure embrace of secularism to new forms of Islamism. The acceptance of core European values, such as democracy, tolerance, and pluralism, are essential prerequisites for acceptance of Euro-Islam by Europeans, but many Muslims view their situation as that of exclusion, characterized by low levels of education, high unemployment, and societal discrimination. They face governments that seek to dialogue with Muslims while simultaneously pursuing increasingly assimilative immigration policies. Muslims in Europe have developed organizational networks to represent their opinions and interests as well as to express their identity. On the one hand...

The Uighur issue is of vital regional and global security importance to China. Although minority separatists are not well armed and seem to be largely disorganized, the violence poses a very real threat to China's ability to develop Xinjiang. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s behavior toward its Muslims has received renewed Western attention in the aftermath of 9/11. China's Uighurs have responded to CCP policies with violence and separatist activity, but the Hui (ethnic Chinese who are Muslim) have reacted with relatively high levels of accommodation. Some have blamed Uighur separatism on external influences (such as transnational terror) and Islam. However, the puzzle is, why do the Uighurs engage in separatism where the Hui do not? This study contributes to existing literature by directly comparing the Uighurs and Hui in order to determine the reasons behind Uighur separatism and Hui accommodation. This thesis argues that the Uighurs and Hui have faced different social and economic realities which have led to different perceptions of inequality and thus, different reactions to CCP policy. Also, unlike Uighur ethnic identity, Hui identity stems from and is compatible with the PRC and Chinese society. This study uses primary sources including interviews with Uighurs...

During the Danish public debate following the publication of the twelve Muhammad caricatures in September 2005, many commentators stated that the (re)actions/claims of Danish Muslims showed lack of familiarity with the basic principles of democracy and Danish traditions of political debate. The article offers an empirical test to several such public accusations through a systematic analysis of the content and justification of Muslim claims throughout the controversy. Thus, the paper raises the basic question: To what extent did claims-making by Danish Muslims challenge the principles of the secular public sphere? The article argues that rather than challenging the principles of the secular public sphere, Danish Muslims, in general, seem to actively affirm such principles. Many Muslims demanded an apology, not for the insulting of the prophet per se, but for what they saw as a deliberate attack on Muslim religious feelings. Muslims demanded that the person responsible be prosecuted, not according to Sharia, but according to existing secular laws limiting free speech. Danish Muslims demanded equal treatment - not special rights. Danish Muslims, were thus, to a large degree, able to 'translate' their religiously based anger and despair into a secular discourse of rights and duties when operating in the secular public sphere.

Public diplomacy presents a unique challenge to the Syrian Arab Republic, whose public image in the international arena has been tarnished in a post-9/11 climate where 'Middle East' is all too often synonymous in Western media with 'lslamist extremism', 'radicalism', 'intolerance'. Attempts by the Syrian government and its embassies overseas to counter negative perceptions have largely centered on one of Syria's key strengths: its significant cultural and historical tradition. To this end, Syria has been promoted as a 'Cradle of Civilisation', with emphasis placed on its scenic landscapes, as well as historical and archaeological landmarks. While this has been important in advancing a more positive image of Syria in the international domain, there is scope to build on these efforts in order to further Syria's interests overseas. This paper examines one aspect of Syrian society that defies existing negative perceptions: its thriving Christian population. It raises the question: can the religious tolerance enjoyed by Syrian Christians under a secular framework of government be used as a public diplomacy tool to enhance Syria's international reputation? Syrian Christians constitute roughly 10 per cent of a country characterised by significant religious and ethnic diversity. Along with Sunni Muslims that represent the majority of Syria (74 per cent)...

Despite the long history of Muslims in Russia, most scholarly and political literatures on Russia’s Islam still narrowly interpret Muslim-Slavs relations in an ethnic-religious oppositional framework. In my work, I examine Russia’s discourse on Islam to argue that, in fact, the role of Islam in post-Soviet Russia is complex. Drawing from direct sources from academic, state, journalistic, and underground circles, often neglected by Western commentators, I identify ideational patterns in conceptualizations of Islam and reconstruct relational networks among authors. To explain complex intertextual relations within specific contexts, I utilize an analytically eclectic method that appropriately combines theories from different paradigms and/or disciplines. Thanks to my multi-dimensional approach, I show that, contrary to traditional views, Russia’s Muslims participate in processes of post-Soviet Russia’s identity formation. Starting from textual contents, avoiding pre-formed analytical frames, I argue that many Muslims in Russia perceive themselves as part of Russian civilization – even when they challenge the status-quo. Building on my initial findings, I state that a key element in Russia’s conceptualization of Islam is the definition...

This dissertation examines religious, social and political change among the Shia Muslims of the United Provinces of colonial India, c. 1890-1940. Focusing especially, upon the towns of Lucknow and Amroha but discussing the region as a whole, it traces the formation of a community identity among Shia Muslims, and questions how disparate Shi'a populations were able to construct a consciousness of solidarity. The dissertation is based on a combination of archival and printed sources in English and Urdu. The first chapter assesses processes of sectarian organisation and the formation of a number of Shia institutions and societies in Lucknow in the thirty year period from 1890, including several madrasas and the All India Shi'a Conference. The second chapter examines manifestations of religious renewal among Indian Shi'as. Forms of religious proselytisation are discussed, particularly the contribution of the printing press and the changing role of preaching. The development of religious conflict is outlined, through examinations of religious debates and the reformation of Muharram rites. A third chapter examines Shia responses to the so-called '`Aligarh movement', considering reactions to educational reform and the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at `Aligarh. A fourth chapter discusses Shia responses to the campaigns of jihad and pan-Islamism current among many Muslims in the early twentieth century. Together...

Most studies of relationships encompassing Muslim minorities and Western societies examine Muslim and non-Muslim orientations separately. Here we investigate the patterns of similarity and difference involving Muslims and non-Muslims in Australia in terms of how they conceptualise the situation of Muslims in a secular society. We deploy Q methodology to study selected Muslims and non-Muslims in the same terms. Our results reveal three substantial positions. The first, 'Assertive Islamic Belonging', is mostly (but not exclusively) found among our Muslim subjects. The second, 'Exasperated Monoculturalism', is mostly (again not exclusively) associated with non-Muslims. The third, 'Reciprocal Engagement', has considerable presence in both sorts of communities. These results shed new light on the content of polarisation stressed in previous studies. They can also be deployed in the interests of productive dialogue across undeniable difference. The 'Reciprocal Engagement' position can act as a kind of discursive bridge, and the content of the two more polarised positions shows neither is beyond the reach of dialogue. We explore implications for dialogue across difference in a democracy and show how our findings can inform a deliberative democratic approach to multiculturalism.

On December 1496, King Manuel published the edit expelling Jews and Muslims from Portugal or in option their conversion to Catholicism. The difference between the treatment given to Jews and to Muslims lays in the Christian minorities under Islamic rule in the Mediterranean, particularly those of Jerusalem, and in the Holy Sites of the city. For the Portuguese Muslims the solution oscillates between permanence as Christians and diaspora. Nevertheless, by royal grant, some Muslims stayed as such in the Moorish quarter of Lisbon.

"Black Muslims in the US: History, Politics and the Struggle of a Community." Samory Rashid. Palgrave Macmillan. July 2013. --- From the labelling of jihad as a ‘holy war’ to the generalization of all black Muslims as ‘converts’ to the religion of Islam, myths and deficiencies in today’s rhetoric and scholarship foster stereotyped images of black Muslims. Black Muslims in the US provides historical and contemporary analyses of political Islam among mainstream black Sunni Muslims in the US who—despite being the least-examined group by scholars— represent the largest, oldest, and fastest growing Muslim group in the US. This study is a useful and innovative resource for students interested in Islamic studies and American religious histories, writes Maja Milatovic.

With contributions from world renowned scholars on British Muslims and from policy makers writing on issues of concern to Muslims and others alike, this book explores how British Muslims are changing social and religious spaces to develop new perspectives on Islam. Providing a broad and comprehensive examination of the key issues surrounding Muslims in the UK, this book will be a valuable resource for students, lecturers and researchers in sociology, social policy, geography, politics, Islamic studies and other related disciplines, find Sherry Sayed Gadelrab and Robert Mason.

South Africa's Muslims have generally been well represented in different sectors of the society over the years. Since the arrival of the forefathers such as Shaykh Yusuf al-Makassari (d.1699) at the Cape, Muslims viewed themselves an integral part of the soil. During both the colonial and apartheid areas, however, they-as a religious minority-were depicted and portrayed by the creative artists such as painters, photographers and writers rather negatively. Gabeba Baderoon's book Regarding Muslims is a critical study that highlights how Muslim representations moved from the margins to the centre and from the picturesque to the menacing. This review essay this reflects on the contents of this invaluable and informative text.